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Electromagnetic Fields in Offices

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Treść / Zawartość
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
With the increased use of electric and electronic equipment in our offices, our daily exposure to electromagnetic fields has become increasingly complex due to the great variety of the frequency content of the fields. Today focus has shifted from monitors as the dominating sources of electromagnetic fields to other electronic equipment, cabling, nearby substations, power lines and stray currents in buildings. In the last 5 years wireless communication has become common in our offices. These devices use radio frequency waves to communicate and are therefore sources of radio frequency fields in our offices. To a certain degree, they all add to the complicated issue of the extensive field frequencies found in offices. The exposure of office workers is generally considered to be low and not in conflict with the existing guidelines, but if a precaution approach is applied there are a number of measures that can be taken to reduce the electromagnetic fields in offices in order to obtain a good electrical environment.
Rocznik
Strony
137--147
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 21 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
  • National Institute for Working Life, Umea, Sweden
Bibliografia
  • 1.National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). Working group report. Assessment of health effects from exposure to power-line frequency electric and magnetic fields (National Institutes of Health [NIH] Publication No. 98-3981). Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: NIEHS; 1998.
  • 2.International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Non-ionizing radiation. Part 1: static and extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans, vol. 80, 2002). Lyon, France. Retrieved March 6, 2006, from: http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/indexes/vol80index.html.
  • 3.TCO Development. Guidelines for TCO’03 displays, ver. 3 (2005). Retrieved October 19, 2005, from: http://www.tcodevelopment.se/tcodevelopment1200/Datorer/TCO03_Displays/TCO03_Guidelines_ver_3_0.pdf.
  • 4.TCO Development. TCO’03 displays. Flat panel displays, ver. 3 (2005). Retrieved October 19, 2005, from: http://www.tcodevelopment.se/tcodevelopment1200/Datorer/TCO03_Displays/TCO03_FPD_version_3_0.pdf.
  • 5.International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys. 1998;74;4:494–522. Retrieved March 6, 2006, from: www.icnirp.org/Documents/Emfgdl.pdf.
  • 6.Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (eighteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). Official Journal of the European Union L 159, April 30, 2004. p. 1–26.
  • 7.Swedish Radiation Protection Agency (SSI). Low-frequency electrical and magnetic fields—the precautionary principle for national authorities—guidance for decisionmakers. Retrieved March 6, 2006, from: http://www.av.se/webbshop/pdfroot/adi_478.pdf.
  • 8.National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) report on health effects from exposure to power-line frequency electric and magnetic fields (National Institutes of Health [NIH] Publication No. 99-4493, 1999). Retrieved March 6, 2006, from: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/EMF_DIR_RPT/NIEHS_Report.pdf.
  • 9.World Health Organization (WHO). Electromagnetic fields and public health cautionary policies (Fact sheet, March 2000). Retrieved March 6, 2006, from: http://www.who.int/docstore/peh-emf/publications/facts_press/EMF-Precaution.htm.
  • 10.Rauch GB, Johnson G, Johnson P, Stamm A, Tomita S, Swanson J. A comparison of international residential grounding practices and associated magnetic fields. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1992;7(2):934–9.
  • 11.Sandstrom M, Hansson Mild K, Stenberg B, Wall S. A survey of electric and magnetic fields among VDT operators in offices. IEEE Trans EMC. 1993;35(8):394–7.
  • 12.Floderius B, Persson T, Stenlund C. Magnetic-field exposures in the workplace: reference distribution and exposures in occupational groups. Int. J Occup Environ Health. 1996;2(3):226–38.
  • 13.Forsgren PG, Hansson Mild K, Berglund A. Reduction of magnetic field from inhouse transformer stations [abstract]. In: Bioelectromagnetics Society Fifteenth Annual Meeting, in Los Angeles, June 13–17, 1993. p. 114.
  • 14.Swedish Standards Institute (SIS). Computers and office machines—measuring methods for electric and magnetic near fields (Standard No. SS 4361490). Stockholm, Sweden: SIS; 1995.
  • 15.Lyskov E, Ponomarev V, Sandström M, Hansson Mild K, Medvedev S. Steadystate visual evoked potentials to computer monitor flicker. Int J Psychophysiology. 1998;28:285–90.
  • 16.Sandstrom M, Hansson Mild K. The increase in electronic load in offices—an indirect risk factor for visual discomfort. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Edinburgh, August 8–13, 1999. p. 209–13 (ISBN 1 86081 295 3).
  • 17.Sandstrom M, Hansson Mild K, Lyskov E, Wilén J. Power frequency magnetic fields and computer monitor instability. Displays. 1998;19:85–90.
  • 18.Hamnerius Y. Elektriska och magnet iska fält i byggnader [a report]. Department of Signal and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, 2005.
  • 19.Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz), Official Journal of the European Communities L 59, July 30, 1999. p. 59–70.
  • 20.World Health Organization (WHO). Electromagnetic fields and public health; mobilephones and their base stations (Fact sheet No. 193). Retrieved March 6, 2006, from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en/.
  • 21.Tornevik C. Radiofrequency exposure from communication devices (Report T/F-00:033). Stockholm, Sweden: Ericsson Research; 2000.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-62e59fd4-7cf8-4baa-9cda-b453c010a5b6
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