Architectural innovations influenced by climatic phenomena (4.2 ka event) in the Late Old Kingdom (Saqqara, Egypt)

• Autorzy: Kuraszkiewicz K. O.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.1515/squa-2016-0003

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The work of the Polish-Egyptian Archaeological Mission at Saqqara revealed a cemetery of palace officials that was in use during the late Old Kingdom. The evidence found during the exploration of the tombs indicates that the tomb builders were aware of the problems resulting from torrential rains in last years of functioning of the cemetery and that architectural solutions have been invented against these problems. The discussed phenomena seem to be directly related to the 4.2 ka event.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Saqqara; architecture; 4 2 ka BP climate event; heavy rainfalls

• Wydawca: Institute of Geological Science Polish Academy of Science
• Czasopismo: Studia Quaternaria
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: Vol. 33, Nr 1
• Strony: 27--34
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 55 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Kuraszkiewicz K. O.

• Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warsaw, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Bárta, M., 2013. Radiocarbon dates for the Old Kingdom and their Correspondences. In: J.A. Shortland, C.B. Ramsey (eds.), Radiocarbon and the Chronologies of Ancient Egypt Oxbow Books, Oxford and Oakville, 218–223.
• 2. Baud, M., 1998. propos des critres iconographiques établis par Nadine Cherpion. In: N. Grimal (ed.), Les crit res de datation stylistiques l’Ancien Empire (Biblioth que d’Étude 120). IFAO, Le Caire, 31–95.
• 3. Baud, M., 2006. The Relative Chronology of Dynasties 6 and 8. In: E. Hornung, R. Krauss, D.A. Warburton (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 144–158.
• 4. Bolshakov, A.O., 1997. Man and his Double in Egyptian Ideology of the Old Kingdom, (=Ägypten und Altes Testament 37). Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden.
• 5. Brovarski, E., 2005. The late Old Kingdom at South Saqqara. In: L. Pantalacci, Ch. Berger-el-Naggar (eds.) Des Néferkar aux Montouhotep. Travaux archéologiques sur la fin de la Vie dynastie et la Premi re Période Intermédiaire. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon, 31–71.
• 6. Brovarski, E., 2006. False doors & history: the Sixth Dynasty. In: M. Bárta (ed.), The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology. Proceedings of the Conference Held in Prague, May 31-June 4, 2004. Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague, 71–118.
• 7. Cherpion, N., 1989. Mastabas et hypogées d’Ancien Empire. Le problme de ladatation. Connaissance de l’Egypte Ancienne, Bruxelles.
• 8. Ćwiek, A. 2000., The Stratigraphy of West Saqqara. Preliminary Remarks. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 11, 109–117.
• 9. Dee, M., Ramsay, C.B., Rowland, J.M., 2008. Evaluating the effectiveness of radiocarbon studies of the Old Kingdom. In: H. Vymazalová, M. Bárta (eds.), Chronology and Archaeology in Ancient Egypt (the Third Millennium B.C.), Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague, 1–9.
• 10. Dodson, A., Ikram, S. 2008., The Tomb in Ancient Egypt: Royal and Private Sepulchres From the Early Dynastic Period to the Romans, Thames & Hudson, London.
• 11. Harpur, Y., 1987. Decoration in Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom. KPI, London, New York.
• 12. Jánosi, P., 2005. Giza in der 4. Dynastie. Die Baugeschichte und Belegung einer Nekropole des Alten Reiches. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien.
• 13. Kanawati, N., Abder-Raziq, M., 2000. The Teti Cemetery at Saqqara VI: The Tomb of Nikauisesi (=ACE Reports 14). Aris and Phillips, Warminster.
• 14. Kees, H. 1943. Farbensymbolik in ägyptischen religiösen Texten (Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen 11), Göttingen.
• 15. Kemp, B., 2000. Soil (including mud-brick architecture). In: P.T. Nicholson, I. Shaw (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 78–103.
• 16. Kowalska, A., Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2011. Some Aspects of Purification after Death in Old Kingdom Egypt. In: J. Popielska-Grzybowska, J. Iwaszczuk (eds.), Studies on Religion: Seeking Origins and Manifestations of Religion (Acta Archaeologica Pultuskiensia III). Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Pułtusk, 95–97
• 17. Kowalska, A., Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2013. The end of a world caused by water. The case of Old Kingdom Egypt In: j. Popielska-Grzybowska, J. Iwaszczuk (eds.), Studies on Disasters, Catastrophes and the Ends of the World in Sources (Acta Archaeologica Pultuskiensia IV), Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Pułtusk, 173–176.
• 18. Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2002. Inscribed Objects from the Old Kingdom Necropolis West of the Step Pyramid (with remarks on their coating). Archiv Orientalni 70, 351–176.
• 19. Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2003. Saqqara 2002: Inscriptions, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 14, 133–140.
• 20. Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2006. The title xtmtj-nTr – god’s sealer – in the Old Kingdom. In: M. Bárta (ed.), The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology. Proceedings of the Conference Held in Prague, May 31-June 4, 2004. Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague, 193–202.
• 21. Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2007. Remarks on the development of the Old Kingdom necropolis, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 17, 169–175.
• 22. Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2009. More remarks on late Old Kingdom mastabas west of the Step Pyramid, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 18, 165–173.
• 23. Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2011. The practical behind the ritual. Observations on the Sixth Dynasty funerary architecture. In: M. Bárta, F. Coppens, J. Krejèi (eds.) Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010. Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague, 530–536.
• 24. Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2013. Saqqara V. Old Kingdom Structures between the Step Pyramid Complex and the Dry Moat. Part 1: Architecture and Development of the Necropolis. Neriton, Varsovie.
• 25. Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., 2014. The Tomb of Ikhi/Mery in Saqqara and Royal Expeditions During the 6th Dynasty. Études et Travaux 27, 201–216.
• 26. Malek, J., 2000. The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BC). In: I. Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000, 83–107.
• 27. Mycielska-Dowgiałło E., Woronko, B., 1998. Genetic-climatic interpretation of mineral deposits uncovered in Section N and sections perpendicular to it, Polish Archaeology in the Medi- terranean 10, 107–112.
• 28. Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E., Szafranski, Z.E., Woronko, B., 1999. Reconstruction of morpho-dynamic processes during the last 4700 years period in archaeological site (Area I) at Saqqara (Egypt), Geoarqueologia i Quaternari Litoral. Memorial M.P. Fumanal, Valencia, 167–178.
• 29. Myśliwiec, K., 2003. West Saqqara in 2002. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 14, 121–126.
• 30. Myśliwiec, K., 2004. West Saqqara. Archaeological Activities, 2003. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 15, 111–122.
• 31. Mysliwiec, K., 2008. A Contribution to the Second Style in Old Kingdom Art. In: S.H. D’Auria (ed.), Servant of Mut. Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, Brill, Leiden-Boston, 170–178.
• 32. Myśliwiec, K., 2011. Dating the Tombs of Merefnebef and Nyankhnefertem. In: M. Bárta, F. Coppens, J. Krejèi (Eds.) Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010. Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague, 651–663.
• 33. Myśliwiec, K., Kuraszkiewicz, K., Czerwik, D., Rzeuska, T., Kaczmarek, M., Kowalska, A., Radomska, M., Godziejewski, Z., 2004. Saqqara I. The Tomb of Merefnebef. Neriton, Varsovie.
• 34. Myśliwiec, K., Kuraszkiewicz, K. (with contributions by Kowalska, A., Radomska, M., Rzeuska, T., Kaczmarek, M., Kozieradzka, I., Godziejewski, Z., Ikram, S., Zatorska A.), 2010. Saqqara IV. The Funerary Complex of Nyankhnefertem. Neriton, Varsovie.
• 35. Myśliwiec, K., Welc, F., Trzciński, J., 2012. Geoarchaeological and palaeoclimatic research by the Polish Archaeological Mission in Saqqara. An updated overview, Études et Travaux 25, 275–296.
• 36. Reisner, G.A., 1936. The Development of the Egyptian Tomb Down to the Accession of Cheops, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
• 37. Rowland, J.M., 2008. Building bridges between radiocarbon, relative and historical chronologies: the case of early Egypt. In: H. Vymazalová, M. Bárta (eds.), Chronology and Archaeology in Ancient Egypt (the Third Millennium B.C.), Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague, 10–22.
• 38. Rzeuska, T.I., 2003a. Some remarks on the white painted funerary cult pottery from West Saqqara. In: J. Popielska-Grzybowska (ed.), Egypt 2001: Perspectives of Research. Second Central European Conference of Young Egyptologists, Warsaw, 125–134.
• 39. Rzeuska, T.I., 2003b. West Saqqara. The Pottery, 2002. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 14, 144–150.
• 40. Rzeuska T.I. 2006., Saqqara II. Pottery of the Late Old Kingdom. Funerary Pottery and Burial Customs. Neriton, Varsovie.
• 41. Seidlmayer, S.J., 1997. Stil und Statistik. Die Datierung dekorierter Gräber des Alten Reichesein Problem der Methode. In: C. Dobiat, K. Leidorf (eds.), Archäologie und Korrespondenz-a nalyse: Beispiele, Fragen, Perspektiven. Espelkamp, 17–51.
• 42. Sowada, K., 2013. Evidence for late Third Millennium weather events from a Sixth Dynasty tomb at Saqqara. Studia Quaternaria 30/2, 69–74.
• 43. Spalinger, A., 1994. Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom. Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur 21, 275–319.
• 44. Spencer, A.J., 1979. Brick Architecture in Ancient Egypt, Aris & Phillips, Warminster.
• 45. Spencer, A.J., 1994. Mud brick: its decay and detection in Upper and Lower Egypt. In: Ch. Eyre, A. Leahy, L. Montagno Leahy (eds.) The Unbroken Reed. Studies in the Culture and Heritage of Ancient Egypt in Honour of A.F. Shore. Egypt Exploration Society, London, 315–320.
• 46. Strudwick, N., 1985. The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders, London.
• 47. Swinton, J., 2014. Dating the Tombs of the Egyptian Old Kingdom (Archaeopress Egyptology 2). Oxford.
• 48. Szafrański, Z., 1999. Observations on stratigraphy, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 10, 91–96.
• 49. Trzciński, J., Kuraszkiewicz, K.O., Welc, F., 2010. Preliminary report on geoarchaeological research in West Saqqara, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 19, 194–208.
• 50. Verner, M., 2008. The system of dating in the Old Kingdom. In: H. Vymazalová, M. Bárta (eds.), Chronology and Archaeology in Ancient Egypt (the Third Millennium B.C.), Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague, 23–43.
• 51. von Beckerath, J., 1962. The Date of the End of the Old Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 21, 140–147.
• 52. Walker, M.J.C., Berkelhammer, M., Björck, S., Cwynar, L.C., Fisher, D.A., Long, A.J., Lowe, J.J., Newnham, R.M., Rasmussen, S.O., Weiss, H., 2012. Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 649–659.
• 53. Welc, F., 2011. The Third Dynasty Open Quarry West of the Netjerykhet Pyramid Complex (Saqqara), Études et Travaux 24, 272–304.
• 54. Welc, F., Marks, L., 2014. Climate change at the end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt around 4200 BP: New geoarchaeological evidence, Quaternary International 324, 124–133
• 55. Welc, F., Trzcinski, J., 2013. Geology of the site. In: K. Myśliwiec (ed.) Saqqara V. Old Kingdom Structures between the Step Pyramid Complex and the Dry Moat. Part 2: Geology – Anthropology – Finds – Conservation. Neriton, Varsovie, 323–343.

Uwagi

PL

Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.