An overview of cold start emissions from direct injection spark-ignition and compression ignition engines of light duty vehicles at low ambient temperatures

• Autorzy: Bielaczyc P. , Szczotka A. , Woodburn J.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Emisja związków szkodliwych spalin w czasie rozruchu silnika w niskich temperaturach otoczenia z samochodowych silników o zapłonie iskrowym i samoczynnym

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Spark-ignition (SI) engines are highly susceptible to excess emissions when started at low ambient temperatures, a phenomenon which has been widely discussed in the literature. Direct injection diesel engines feature a markedly different fuelling and combustion strategy, and as such their emissions behaviour is somewhat different from gasoline engines. The excess emissions of diesel engines at low ambient temperatures should also differ. The aim of this study was to compare excess emissions of gaseous and solid pollutants over a legislative driving cycle (the New European Driving Cycle, NEDC) following cold start at a low ambient temperature for both engine types. This paper examines emissions at low ambient temperatures with a special focus on cold start; emissions are also compared to start-up at a higher ambient temperature (24 °C). The causes of excess emissions and fuel consumption are briefly discussed. A series of tests were performed on European Euro 5 passenger cars on a chassis dynamometer within an advanced climate-controlled test laboratory at BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute, Poland. Emissions data obtained over the Urban Driving Cycle by testing at 24 °C and at –7 °C, are presented for a selection of modern Euro 5 gasoline and diesel vehicles representative of the European passenger car fleet. A full modal emissions analysis was also conducted at 24 °C and at –7 °C over the NEDC. Emissions and fuel consumption were substantially higher at –7 °C than at 24 °C.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza problemu podwyższonej emisji związków szkodliwych spalin przy eksploatacji samochodów osobowych w niskich temperaturach otoczenia i porównanie emisji gazowych związków szkodliwych spalin i cząstek stałych z samochodów osobowych spełniających wymagania Euro 5 w czasie homologacyjnego testu jezdnego NEDC, rozpoczynającego się od rozruchu zimnego silnika, wykonywanego w normalnych i niskich temperaturach otoczenia. Przeprowadzono analizę wyników badań, uzyskanych w laboratorium emisji spalin Instytutu Badań i Rozwoju Motoryzacji BOSMAL, w zakresie emisji związków szkodliwych spalin w testach prowadzonych w temperaturach otoczenia +24 °C i –7 °C, dla nowoczesnych samochodów napędzanych silniami ZI i ZS, spełniających wymagania Euro 5. Stwierdzono znacznie podwyższony poziom emisji związków szkodliwych i zużycia paliwa w testach wykonywanych w ujemnych temperaturach otoczenia. Przyczyny podwyższonej emisji i zużycia paliwa w czasie rozruchu zimnego silnika i w czasie jego eksploatacji w niskich temperaturach otoczenia zostały przeanalizowane i opisane.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

spark ignition engine; SI engine; compression ignition engine; CI engine; cold start; low ambient temperature; excess emissions; emissions deterioration

PL

silnik samochodowy ZI; silnik samochodowy ZS; rozruch zimnego silnika; niskie temperatury otoczenia; podwyższona emisja związków szkodliwych

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
• Czasopismo: Combustion Engines
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: R. 52, nr 3
• Strony: 96--103
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 12 poz., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Bielaczyc P.

• Engine Research Department, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd in Bielsko-Biała

autor

Szczotka A.

• Engine Research Department, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd in Bielsko-Biała

autor

Woodburn J.

• Engine Research Department, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd in Bielsko-Biała

Bibliografia

• [1] Bielaczyc P., Merkisz, J.: Exhaust emission from passenger cars during engine cold start and warm-up. SAE Technical Paper 970740, 1997 SAE World Automotive Congress, Detroit, USA, doi:10.4271/970740.
• [2] Bielaczyc P., Merkisz, J., Pielecha, J.: Investigation of exhaust emissions from DI diesel engine during cold and warm start. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1260, E: “Progress In Diesel Engine Combustion Processes” SP–1580, 53-60, doi:10.4271/2001-01-1260.
• [3] Bielaczyc P., Szczotka A., Woodburn J.: The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars, Journal of Automobile Engineering, 225, 9, 1253-1264, 2011, doi: 10.1177/0954407011406613.
• [4] Bielaczyc P., Szczotka A., Woodburn J.: Excess emissions and fuel consumption of modern spark ignition passenger cars at low ambient temperatures. SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1070, 2012, doi: 10.4271/2012-01-1070.
• [5] Bielaczyc P., Woodburn J., Szczotka A.: An investigation into cold start emissions from compression ignition engines using EU legislative emissions test procedures. SAE Int. Journal Fuels Lubr. 6(2):2013, doi: 10.4271/2013-01-1304. 2013 SAE World Congress, Detroit, Mi, USA.
• [6] Weilennmann M., Favez J.-Y., Alvarez R.: Cold-start emissions of modern passenger cars at different low ambient temperatures and their evolution over vehicle legislation categories, 2009, Atmospheric Environment, 43, 2419-2429. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.005.
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• [8] Laurikko J.: Cold-start emissions and excess fuel consumption at low ambient temperatures – assessment of EU2, EU3 and EU4 passenger car performances. FISITA paper: F2008-06-049, 2008.
• [9] Dardiotis C., Martini G., Marotta A., Manfredi U.: Extension of low temperature emission test to Euro 6 diesel vehicles, JRC Report EUR 25408 EN, 2012, doi: 10.2788/37684.
• [10] Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 of 18 July 2008 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information, Official Journal of the European Union, L199/1, 2008.
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