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Hazard analysis of an autonomous container handling system – a comparison of STPA and HAZOP methods

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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Increasing automation is a major trend in container terminals. In automated container handling systems, safety has been previously ensured by segregating the automated machinery from other traffic and workers moving on foot. Currently, further increases in flexibility are sought by developing autonomous systems that are capable of mixed-traffic operations without the need for separate operating areas. This increases the complexity of the systems and introduces new safety hazards. In addition to traditional hazard analysis methods, new approaches are needed to address the emergent risks related to autonomous operations. This paper studies the applicability of the STPA (system-theoretic process analysis) method in hazard analysis of an autonomous machine system. To support the evaluation, we define evaluation categories for comparison of the analysis methods. We also compare STPA with an established method, HAZOP (hazard and operability study). To perform the comparison, both STPA and HAZOP are applied to an autonomous container handling system concept. The study suggests that both STPA and HAZOP are well suited to support the development of autonomous machinery. However, we also highlight some notable differences in the methods, mostly related to the different underlying accident models that they utilise. HAZOP is an established method with tools and standards available. STPA, on the other hand, provides a well-defined syntax to ensure the analysis quality and a system modelling approach that supports the system development.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
25--39
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 21 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
  • VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tekniikantie 21, Espoo, Otaniemi, Finland
autor
  • VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tekniikantie 21, Espoo, Otaniemi, Finland
  • VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tekniikantie 21, Espoo, Otaniemi, Finland
autor
  • VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tekniikantie 21, Espoo, Otaniemi, Finland
Bibliografia
  • 1. Aven, T., 2010, On How to Define, Understand and Describe Risk, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 623–631.
  • 2. Basnet, S., Valdez Banda, O., Kujala, P., 2018, Review of the Safety Engineering Techniques for a Complex Ship System, The 7th Asia Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • 3. Baybutt, P., 2021, On the Need for System-Theoretic Hazard Analysis in the Process Industries, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 69.
  • 4. Bensaci, C., Zennir, Y., Pomorski, D., 2018, A Comparative Study of STPA Hierarchical Structures in Risk Analysis: The Case of a Complex Multi-Robot Mobile System, 2nd European Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, EECS, Bern, Switzerland, 20–22 December 2018, IEEE, New York, USA.
  • 5. Chaal, M., Valdez Banda, O., Basnet, S., Glomsrud, J.A., Hirdaris, S., Kujala, P., 2020, A Framework to Model the STPA Hierarchical Control Structure of an Autonomous Ship, Safety Science, vol. 132.
  • 6. Dghaym, D., Hoang, T.S., Turnock, S.R., Butler, M., Downes, J., Pritchard, B., 2021, An STPA-Based Formal Composition Framework for Trustworthy Autonomous Maritime Systems, Safety Science, vol. 136.
  • 7. Gekara, V.O., Thanh Nguyen, V.X., 2018, New Technologies and the Transformation of Work and Skills: A Study of Computerisation and Automation of Australian Container Terminals, New Technology, Work and Employment, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 219–233.
  • 8. Goodrick, D., 2014, Comparative Case Studies: Methodological Briefs: Impact Evaluation No. 9, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence, Italy.
  • 9. Hafver, A., Eldevik, S., Jakopanec, I., Drugan, O.V., Pedersen, F.B., Flage, R., Aven, T., 2017, Risk-Based Versus Control-Based Safety Philosophy in the Context of Complex Systems, Safety & Reliability, Theory and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  • 10. Heikkilä, E., Malm, T., Tiusanen, R., Ahonen, T., 2020, Safety and Dependability of Autonomous Systems in Container Terminals: Challenges and Research Directions, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems, VEHITS 2020, SciTePress, Setúbal, Portugal.
  • 11. Heilig, L., Schwarze, S., Voss, S., 2017, An Analysis of Digital Transformation in the History and Future of Modern Ports, Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS 2017.
  • 12. Kaloudi, N., Li, J., 2021, Comparison of Risk Analysis Approaches for Analyzing Emergent Misbehavior in Autonomous Systems, Proceedings of the 31st European Safety and Reliability Conference ESREL 2021, Angers, France.
  • 13. Karvonen, H., Heikkilä, E., Wahlström, M., 2020, Safety Challenges of AI in Autonomous Systems Design – Solutions from Human Factors Perspective Emphasizing AI Awareness, Engineering psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. Cognition and Design: HCII 2020, Springer, Cham, Switzerland.
  • 14. Leveson, N., 2012, Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  • 15. Muram, F.U., Javed, M.A., Punnekkat, S., 2019, System of Systems Hazard Analysis Using HAZOP and FTA for Advanced Quarry Production, 4th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety, ICSRS 2019, Rome, Italy, IEEE, New York, USA.
  • 16. Rodríguez, M., Díaz, I., 2016, System Theory Based Hazard Analysis Applied to the Process Industry, International Journal of Reliability and Safety, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 72–86.
  • 17. Saurí, S., Morales Fusco, P., Martín, E., Benítez, P., 2014, Comparing Manned and Automated Horizontal Handling Equipment at Container Terminals, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2014, no. 2409, pp. 40–48.
  • 18. Sultana, S., Okoh, P., Haugen, S., Vinnem, J.E., 2019, Hazard Analysis: Application of STPA to Ship-to-Ship Transfer of LNG, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 60, pp. 241–252.
  • 19. Tiusanen, R., 2014, An Approach for the Assessment of Safety Risks in Automated Mobile Work Machine Systems, Dissertation, VTT, Espoo, Finland.
  • 20. Yan, F., Tang, T., Yan, H., 2016, Scenario Based STPA Analysis in Automated Urban Guided Transport System, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transportation, ICIRT, Birmingham, UK, 23–25 August 2016, IEEE, New York, USA.
  • 21. Yousefi, A., Rodriguez, M., 2019, Using a System Theory Based Method (STAMP) for Hazard Analysis in Process Industry, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2019, vol. 61, pp. 305–324.
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-60e0d5bf-7a74-425f-bf62-29fa9af3f48d
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