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According to reports from the scientific, public health and medical communities around the world, the quality of ambient and indoor air has a significant impact on the health of the population. Maintaining adequate indoor air quality in accordance with the standards set by the European Union and the WHO guarantees a reduction in the risk of many diseases and improved work capacity. It is extremely important to assess the air quality in schools. This is because during adolescence, the body undergoes significant development, making it particularly susceptible to harmful factors. The purpose of this study was to assess the indoor air quality based on physical, chemical and particulate pollutants present in the air in classrooms at an elementary school. The measurement was carried out using an IAQmeter, designed and manufactured by employees of the Faculty of Environmental Engineering at Lublin University of Technology, which allows continuous measurement and recording of temperature, humidity, CO2, SO2, NO2, VOCs (volatile organic compounds), formaldehyde, PM 2.5, and PM 10. The study was conducted for grades I-III, where students go out only at break and continue in the same room throughout the day. In addition, the factors that can affect the concentration of pollutants, such as ventilation or prolonged opening of doors, were monitored. Sensors were placed in the classroom and in the corridor nearby classroom. The study showed that while spending time at school, students are exposed to a number of factors that can affect their well-being and health, which is best illustrated by the CO2 concentrations. The results of the study show that for more than 90% of the time spent at school, children are in indoor environments where the carbon dioxide concentrations exceed 1000 ppm. It was also shown that the indoor environment in corridors is of lower quality than the environment in classrooms. The designed device enabled rapid measurement, recording a wide range of pollutants.
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Tom
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287--297
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 27 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
autor
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
autor
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
autor
- National Center for Research and Development, ul. Chmielna 69, 00-801 Warszawa, Poland
autor
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Bibliografia
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- 3. Azuma, K.; Kagi, N.; Yanagi, U.; Osawa, H. Effects of low-level inhalation exposure to carbon dioxide in indoor environments: A short review on human health and psychomotor performance. Environ. Int. 2018, 121, 51–56.
- 4. Blondeau, P.; Iordache, V.; Poupard, O.; Genin, D.; Allard, F. Relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in eight French schools. Indoor Air 2005, 15, 2–12.
- 5. Bogdanovica, S.; Zemitis, J.; Bogdanovics, R. The effect of CO2 concentration on children’s well-being during the process of learning. Energies 2020, 13, 6099.
- 6. Canha, N.; Mandin, C.; Ramalho, O.; Wyart, G.; Riberon, J.; Dassonville, C.; Hanninen, O.; Almeida, S.M.; Derbez, M. Assessment of ventilation and indoor air pollutants in nursery and elementary schools in France. Indoor Air 2016, 26, 350–365.
- 7. Che, W.; Li, A.T.; Frey, H.C.; Tang, K.T.J.; Sun, L.; Wei, P.; Hossain, S.; Hohenberger, T.L.; Leung, K.W.; Lau, A.K.H. Factors affecting variability in gaseous and particle microenvironmental air pollutant concentrations in Hong Kong primary and secondary schools. Indoor Air 2021, 31, 170–187.
- 8. Chen, Y.H.; Tu, Y.P.; Sung, S.Y.; Weng, W.C. A comprehensive analysis of the intervention of a fresh air ventilation system on indoor air quality in classrooms. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2022, 13, 101373.
- 9. Demirel, G.; Ozden, O.; Dogeroglu, T.; Gaga, E.O. Personal exposure of primary school children to BTEX, NO2 and ozone in Eskisehir, Turkey: Relationship with indoor/outdoor concentrations and risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 473, 537–548.
- 10. European Environment Agency. Air Quality in Europe - 2020 Report. Available on-line: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2020-report.
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- 12. Fuller, R.; Landrigan, P.J.; Balakrishnan, K.; Bathan, G.; Bose-O’Reilly, S.; Brauer, M.; Caravanos, J.; Chiles, T.; Cohen, A.; Corra, L.; Cropper M.; Ferraroet G.; al. Pollution and health: A progress update. Lancet Planet. Health 2022, 6, e535–e547.
- 13. Gilliland, F.D.; Berhane, K.; Rappaport, E.B.; Thomas, D.C.; Avol, E.; Gauderman, W.J.; London, S.J.; Margolis, H.G.; McConnell, R.; Islam, K.T.; Peters J.M. The effects of ambient air pollution on school absenteeism due to respiratory illnesses. Epidemiology 2001, 12, 43–54.
- 14. GIOŚ (Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection), https://www.gov.pl/web/gios, 2024.
- 15. Guz Ł.; Dumała S.D.; Badora A.; Gaweł D. Assessment of exposure to particulate and microbiological contaminants in a lecture room, J. Ecol. Eng. 2023, 12(24), 87–98.
- 16. Harvard, C. Guía en Pasos Para Medir la Tasa de Renovación en Las Aulas. 2020. Available online: https://alara.es/guia-para-medir-la-tasa-de-renovacion-deaire-en-aulas/(accessed on 15 February 2023).
- 17. Jafari, M.J.; Khajevandi, A.A.; Najarkola, S.A.M.; Yekaninejad, M.S.; Pourhoseingholi, M.A.; Omidi, L.; Kalantary, S. Association of sick building syndrome with indoor air parameters. Tanaffos 2015, 14, 55.
- 18. Kalimeri, K.K.; Bartzis, J.G.; Sakellaris, I.A.; de Oliveira Fernandes, E. Investigation of the PM2.5, NO2 and O3I/O ratios for office and school microenvironments. Environ. Res. 2019, 179, 108791.
- 19. Na, H.; Choi, H.; Kim, H.; Park, D. Optimizing indoor air quality and noise levels in old school classrooms with air purifiers and HRV: A CONTAM simulation study. J. Build. Eng. 2023, 73, 106645.
- 20. Poirier, B.; Guyot, G.; Woloszyn, M.; Geoggroy, H.; Ondarts, M.; Gonze, E. Development of an assessment methodology for IAQ ventilation performance in residential buildings: An investigation of relevant performance indicators. J. Build. Eng. 2021, 43, 103140.
- 21. Ramalho, O.; Wyart, G.; Mandin, C.; Blondeau, P.; Cabanes, P.A.; Leclerc, N.; Mullot, J.U.; Boulanger, G.; Redaelli, M. Association of carbon dioxide with indoor air pollutants and exceedance of health guideline values. Build. Environ. 2015, 93, 115–124.
- 22. Salonen, H.; Salthammer, T.; Morawska, L. Human exposure to ozone in school and office indoor environments. Environ. Int. 2018, 119, 503–514.
- 23. Schibuola, L.; Scarpa, M.; Tambani, C. Natural Ventilation Level Assessment in a School Building by CO2 Concentration Measures. Energy Procedia 2016, 1101, 257–264.
- 24. Stabile, L.; Frattolillo, A.; Dell’Isola, M.; Massimo, A.; Russi, A. Air Permeability of Naturally Ventilated Italian Classrooms. Energy Procedia 2015, 78, 3150–3155.
- 25. Wong, C.M.; Ou, C.Q.; Chan, K.P.; Chau, Y.K.; Thach, T.Q.; Yang, L.; Chung, R.Y.; Thomas, G.N.; Peiris, J.S.; Wong, T.W.; Hedley A.J.; Lam T.-H. The effects of air pollution on mortality in socially deprived urban areas in Hong Kong, China. Environ. Health Persp. 2008, 116, 1189–1194.
- 26. Wong, T.W.; Tam, W.W.S.; Yu, I.T.S.; Lau, A.K.H.; Pang, S.W.; Wong, A.H.S. Developing a risk-based air quality health index. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 76, 52–58.
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Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
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