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Abstrakty
The COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by a cyber pandemic, involving changes in the modi operandi of perpetrators of various crimes, and an infodemic, associated with the spread of disinformation. The article analyses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cybercrime and presents the latest research on the number of cybercrime cases in Poland and their growth dynamics. It determines the factors that contribute to the commission of a crime and prevent easy identification of criminals. It also suggests the legal and organisational changes that could reduce the number and effects of the most frequently recorded cyberattacks at a time of COVID-19. Particular attention is paid to legal problems of the growing phenomenon of identity theft, and the need to ensure better protection of users from phishing, including through education and proactive security measures consisting in blocking Internet domains used for fraudulent attempts to obtain data and financial resources.
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
art. no. e137933
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 38 poz., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- Chair of Informatics Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3, bud. 17, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
Bibliografia
- [1] “Agari H2 2020 Email Fraud Report”. [Online]. Available: https://www.agari.com/cyber-intelligence-research/e-books/agari-h2-2020-email-fraud-report.pdf [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [2] “IC3 Internet Crime Report 2019”, p. 9. [Online]. Available: https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2019_IC3Report.pdf [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [3] “Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) 2020” [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/internet-organised-crime-threat-assessment-iocta-2020 [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], hereinafter as: IOCTA 2020.
- [4] “How COVID-19-related crime infected Europe during 2020” [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/how-covid-19-related-crime-infected-europeduring-2020 [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [5] Rise of fake ‘corona cures’ revealed in global counterfeit medicine operation. [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/rise-of-fake-%E2%80%98corona-cures%E2%80%99-revealed-in-global-counterfeit-medicine-operation [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [6] Warnings about fake online shops are published on consumer or cybersecurity websites. Sample fake online shop search engine: “Suspicious online shops!” [Online]. Available: https://www.legalniewsieci.pl/aktualnosci/podejrzane-sklepy-internetowe [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
- [7] Criminal Code of June 6, 1997 (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 1444, as amended), hereinafter CC.
- [8] Already on 16 March 2020, criminals created a fraudulent fundraiser in Poland at https://pomoc.siepomaga.net/koronawirus?SS52.
- [9] “Annual Report on the Activities of CERT Poland. Security Landscape of the Polish Internet”, 2018, pp. 59–67. [Online]. Available: https://www.cert.pl/uploads/docs/Raport_CP_2018.pdf [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
- [10] In connection with the discovered insufficient implementation of technical and organisational measures to secure customer data, by a decision of 10 September 2019, Morele.net Sp. z o.o. was charged with an administrative fine of PLN 2.8 million (Decision of President of the Personal Data Protection Office of 10 September 2019, no. ZSPR.421.2.2019, subsequently upheld by a judgement of the Provincial Administrative Court in Warsaw of 3 September 2020, no. II SA/Wa 2559/19, [in Polish].
- [11] Regulation of the Minister of National Education of 11 March 2020 on the temporary restriction of the functioning of educational facilities in relation to preventing, counteracting and combating COVID- 19 (Journal of Laws item 410 as amended), [in Polish].
- [12] Government’s bill to amend the Law on special solutions to prevent, counteract and combat COVID- 19, other communicable diseases and the resultant crises, and to amend certain other laws, form no. 299 of 26 March 2020. [Online]. Available: http://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm9.nsf/druk.xsp?nr=299 [in Polish].
- [13] A. Gryszczyńska, “The use of COVID- 19 in scenarios of social engineering attacks”, Maritime Security Yearbook, 2021, pp. 137‒161, [Online]. Available: https://wdiom.amw.gdynia.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/PT2020v0.13.pdf [in Polish].
- [14] M.S. Islam et al., “COVID- 19-Related Infodemic and Its Impact on Public Health: A Global Social Media Analysis”, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 103(4), 1621–1629, (2020), doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0812.
- [15] J. Tidy, “Dr Reddy’s: Covid vaccine-maker suffers cyber-attack”, BBC, Oct. 22, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54642870 [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [16] “Advisory: APT29 targets COVID- 19 vaccine development”. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-APT29-targets-COVID-19-vaccine-development.pdf [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [17] BBC News, “Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine docs hacked from European Medicines Agency”, BBC, Dec. 09, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55249353 [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [18] “Pandemic profiteering: how criminals exploit the COVID- 19 crisis”. [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/pandemic-profiteering-how-criminals-exploit-covid-19-crisis [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [19] Wired, Sep. 19, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/story/a-patient-dies-after-a-ransomware-attack-hits-a-hospital [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [20] “Annual Report on the Activities of CERT Poland. Security Landscape of the Polish Internet”, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.cert.pl/uploads/docs/Raport_CP_2019.pdf [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
- [21] “Report on the state of Poland’s cybersecurity in 2019”. [Online]. Available: https://csirt.gov.pl/cer/publikacje/raporty-o-stanie-bezpi/969,Raport-o-stanie-bezpieczenstwa-cyberprzestrzeni-RP-w-2019-roku.html [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
- [22] A. Pérez-Escoda, C. Jiménez-Narros, M. Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, and L. Miguel Pedrero-Esteban, “Social Networks Engagement During the COVID- 19 Pandemic in Spain: Health Media vs. Healthcare Professionals”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(14), (2020), doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145261.
- [23] GWI Coronavirus Research, March 2020 Series 2: Travel & Commuting, GWI Connecting the dots 2021; The biggest COVID- 19 trends that are here to stay. [Online]. Available: https://www.globalwebindex.com [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [24] “Information society in Poland in 2020”, Central Statistical Office, [Online]. Available: https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/nauka-i-technika-spoleczenstwo-informacyjne/spoleczenstwo-informacyjne/spoleczenstwo-informacyjne-w-polsce-w-2020-roku,1,14.html [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
- [25] “IOCTA 2020”, pp. 6‒7, 13‒17 (2020). [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/internet_organised_crime_threat_assessment_iocta_2020.pdf.
- [26] For example in 2013 the Silk Road has been seized: “Ross Ulbricht, the Creator and Owner of the Silk Road Website, Found Guilty in Manhattan Federal Court on All Counts — FBI”. [Online]. Available: https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press-releases/ross-ulbricht-the-creator-and-owner-of-the-silk-road-website-found-guilty-in-manhattan-federalcourt-on-all-counts [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [27] “Cybercriminals’ favourite VPN taken down in global action”. [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/cybercriminals%E2%80%99-favourite-vpn-taken-down-in-global-action [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [28] “21 arrests in nationwide cyber crackdown”. [Online]. Available: https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/18970445.21-arrests-nationwide-crackdown-website-selling-stolen-personal-data/ [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [29] Recommendation for a Council Decision authorising the opening of negotiations in view of an agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on cross-border access to electronic evidence for judicial cooperation in criminal matters, COM/2019/70 final.
- [30] Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on European Production and Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal matters, COM/2018/225 final – 2018/0108 (COD).
- [31] Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on the appointment of legal representatives for the purpose of gathering evidence in criminal proceedings, COM/2018/226 final – 2018/0107 (COD).
- [32] A. Gryszczyńska, “Acquisition and analysis of data on cybersecurity incidents”, Internet. Data analyst, G. Szpor, Ed., C.H. Beck, Warsaw, 2019, pp. 296‒313, [in Polish].
- [33] “Information society in Poland in 2020”, p. 156, [in Polish].
- [34] “Comparative study on filtering, blocking and take-down of illegal content on the Internet”, Swiss Institute of Comparative Law, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://edoc.coe.int/en/internet/7289-pdf-comparative-study-on-blocking-filtering-and-take-down-of-illegal-internet-content-.html [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
- [35] Law of 24 May 2002 on the Internal Security Agency and the Intelligence Agency (Journal of Laws of 2020 item 27 as amended), [in Polish].
- [36] Law of 19 November 2009 on Gambling (Journal of Laws of 2020 item 2094), [in Polish].
- [37] P. Dęba, “Multi-vector protection of Internet users as illustrated by the Orange Cyber Shield”, presented at the 12th Scientific Conference Security in the Internet – Cyber Pandemic, UKSW, Warsaw, Oct. 22‒23, 2020, [in Polish].
- [38] Index of domains. [Online]. Available: https://hole.cert.pl/domains/ [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-5f2f634f-71f7-4e14-aa55-1936e0f7ba0e