Cost comparison of different configurations of a hybrid energy storage system with battery-only and supercapacitor-only storage in an electric city bus

• Autorzy: Wieczorek M. , Lewandowski M. , Jefimowski W.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/bpasts.2019.131567

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This paper proposes four different cost-effective configurations of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in an electric city bus. A comparison is presented between a battery powered bus (battery bus) and supercapacitor powered bus in two configurations in terms of initial and operational costs. The lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery type was used in the battery bus and three of the hybrids. In the first hybrid the battery module was the same size as in the battery bus, in the second it was half the size and in the third it was one third the size. The fourth hybrid used a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery type with the same energy as the LFP battery module in the battery bus. The model of LFP battery degradation is used in the calculation of its lifetime range and operational costs. For the NMC battery and supercapacitor, the manufacturers’ data have been adopted. The results show that it is profitable to use HESS in an electric city bus from both the producer and consumer point of view. The reduction of battery size and added supercapacitor module generates up to a 36% reduction of the initial energy storage system (ESS) price and up to a 29% reduction of operational costs when compared to the battery ESS. By using an NMC battery type in HESS, it is possible to reduce operational costs by up to 50% compared to an LFP battery ESS.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

hybrid energy storage system; electric bus; battery buses; supercapacitor bus; energy storage system cost; HESS cost comparison

• Wydawca: Polska Akademia Nauk, Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych
• Czasopismo: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
• Rocznik: 2019
• Tom: Vol. 67, nr 6
• Strony: 1095--1106
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 44 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Wieczorek M.

• Warsaw University of Technology, Power Engineering Institute, Electric Traction Division

autor

Lewandowski M.

• Warsaw University of Technology, Power Engineering Institute, Electric Traction Division

autor

Jefimowski W.

• Warsaw University of Technology, Power Engineering Institute, Electric Traction Division

Bibliografia

• [1] IPCC, “Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,” Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014.
• [2] McKinsey, “Electrifying insights: How automakers can drive electrified vehicle sales and profitability,” Tech. Report 2017.
• [3] M. Page, G. Whelan, and A. Daly, “Modelling the Factors Which Influence New Car,” in European Transport Conference, 2000, pp. 175–188.
• [4] S.F. Schuster, T. Bach, E. Fleder, J. Müller, M. Brand, G. Sex-tl, and A. Jossen, “Nonlinear aging characteristics of lithium-ion cells under different operational conditions,” J. Energy Storage 1, 44–53, 2015.
• [5] X. Han, M. Ouyang, L. Lu, J. Li, Y. Zheng, and Z. Li, “A comparative study of commercial lithium ion battery cycle life in electrical vehicle: Aging mechanism identification,” J. Power Sources, vol. 251, 2014.
• [6] K. Jalkanen, J. Karppinen, L. Skogström, T. Laurila, M. Nisula, and K. Vuorilehto, “Cycle aging of commercial NMC/graphite pouch cells at different temperatures,” Appl. Energy 154, 160 –172 , 2015.
• [7] N. Omar, M. Abdel, Y. Firouz, J. Salminen, J. Smekens, O. Hegazy, H. Gaulous, G. Mulder, P. Van Den Bossche, and T. Coosemans, “Lithium iron phosphate based battery – Assessment of the aging parameters and development of cycle life model,” Appl. Energy113, 1575–1585, 2014.
• [8] N. Omar, Y. Firouz, H. Gualous, J. Salminen, T. Kallio, J.M. Tim-mermans, T. Coosemans, P. Van den Bossche, and J. Van Mierlo, 9 – Aging and degradation of lithium-ion batteries. Elsevier Ltd., 2015.
• [9] M.A. Delucchi, C. Yang, A.F. Burke, et. al, “An assessment of electric vehicles: technology, infrastructure requirements, green-house-gas emissions, petroleum use, material use, lifetime cost, consumer acceptance and policy initiatives.,” Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 372(2006) 20120325, 2014.
• [10] E. Helmers and P. Marx, “Electric cars: technical characteristics and environmental impacts,” Environ. Sci. Eur. 24(1), 14, 2012.
• [11] C. Samaras and K. Meisterling, “Life Cycle Assessment of Green-house Gas Emissions from Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles : Implications for Policy,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(9), 3170–3176, 2008.
• [12] M. Granovskii, I. Dincer, and M. A. Rosen, “Economic and environ-mental comparison of conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles,” J. Power Sources 159(2), 1186–1193, 2006.
• [13] G. Ren, G. Ma, and N. Cong, “Review of electrical energy storage system for vehicular applications,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.41, 225–236, 2015.
• [14] R. Hemmati and H. Saboori, “Emergence of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable energy and transport applications – A re-view,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 65, 11–23, 2016.
• [15] S.F. Tie and C. W. Tan, “A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles,” Renewable and Sustain-able Energy Reviews 20, pp. 82–102, 2013.
• [16] X. Luo, J. Wang, M. Dooner, and J. Clarke, “Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the a-plication potential in power system operation q,” Appl. Energy 137, 511–536, 2015.
• [17] V. Herrera, A. Milo, H. Gaztañaga, I. Etxeberria-Otadui, I. Villarreal, and H. Camblong, “Adaptive energy management strategy and optimal sizing applied on a battery-supercapacitor based tramway,” Appl. Energy 169, 831–845, 2016.
• [18] V.I. Herrera, A. Milo, H. Gaztañaga, and H. Camblong, “Multi-ob-jective Optimization of Energy Management and Sizing for a H-brid Bus with dual Energy Storage System,” in 2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2016 – Proceedings, 2016.
• [19] Z. Song, H. Hofmann, J. Li, X. Han, and M. Ouyang, “Optimization for a hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicles using dynamic programing approach,” Appl. Energy 139, 151–162, 2015.
• [20] Z. Song, J. Li, X. Han, L. Xu, L. Lu, M. Ouyang, and H. Hofmann, “Multi-objective optimization of a semi-active battery/supercapac-itor energy storage system for electric vehicles,” Appl. Energy 135, 212–224, 2014.
• [21] Z. Song, H. Hofmann, J. Li, J. Hou, X. Han, and M. Ouyang, “Energy management strategies comparison for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system,” Appl. Energy 134, 321–331, 2014.
• [22] X. Hu, L. Johannesson, N. Murgovski, and B. Egardt, “Longevity-conscious dimensioning and power management of the hy-brid energy storage system in a fuel cell hybrid electric bus,” Appl. Energy 137, 913–924, 2015.
• [23] B. Zakeri and S. Syri, “Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 42, 569–596, 2015.
• [24] D. Zhu, S. Yue, S. Park, Y. Wang, N. Chang, and M. Pedram, “Cost-effective design of a hybrid electrical energy storage system for electric vehicles,” Proc. 2014 Int. Conf. Hardware/Software Codesign Syst. Synth. – CODES ’14, 1–8, 2014.
• [25] P. Miller, “Automotive Lithium-ion Batteries,” Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev. 59(1), 4–13, 2015.
• [26] Tme.eu, “BCAP3000P270K04 MAXWELL TECHNOLOGIES – Capacitor: electrolytic | TME – Electronic components.” [Online]. Available: http://www.tme.eu/gb/details/bcap3000p270k04/super-capacitors/maxwell-technologies/. [Accessed: 20-Feb-2019].
• [27] Tme.eu, “SWING 5300 BOSTON POWER – Re-battery: Li-Ion | TME – Electronic components.” [Online]. Available: http://www.tme.eu/gb/details/accu-18650x2‒5.3bp/rechargeable-batteries/bos-ton-power/swing-5300/. [Accessed: 19-May-2017].
• [28] Tme.eu, “ACCU-3.2V-10AH – Re-battery: Li-FePO4 | TME –Electronic components.” [Online]. Available: http://www.tme.eu/gb/details/accu-3.2v-10ah/rechargeable-batteries/. [Accessed: 20-Feb-2019].
• [29] The Boston Consulting Group, “Focus Batteries for Electric Cars,” Outlook 1, 1–18, 2010.
• [30] M.A. Danzer, V. Liebau, and F. Maglia, “Aging of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles,” in Advances in Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles, Elsevier Ltd., 359–387, 2015.
• [31] D. Anseán, M. González, M. Ieee, J. C. Viera, M. Ieee, J.C. Antón, and C. Blanco, “Evaluation of LiFePO 4 batteries for Electric Vehicle applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 51(2), 1855–1863, 2015.
• [32] P. Niehoff, E. Kraemer, and M. Winter, “Parametrisation of the influence of different cycling conditions on the capacity fade and the internal resistance increase for lithium nickel manganese cobalt ox-ide/graphite cells,” J. Electroanal. Chem. 707, 110–116, 2013.
• [33] A. Nikolian, Y. Firouz, R. Gopalakrishnan, J.M. Timmermans, N. Omar, P. van den Bossche, and J. van Mierlo, “Lithium ion batteries-development of advanced electrical equivalent circuit models for nickel manganese cobalt lithium-ion,” Energies 9(5), 360, 2016.
• [34] H. Gualous, R. Gallay, M. Al Sakka, A. Oukaour, B. Tala-Ighil, and B. Boudart, “Calendar and cycling ageing of activated carbon supercapacitor for automotive application,” Microelectron. Reliab.52(9–10), 2477–2481, 2012.
• [35] P. Kreczanik, P. Venet, A. Hijazi, and G. Clerc, “Study of super-capacitor aging and lifetime estimation according to voltage, tem-perature, and RMS current,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 61(9), 4895–4902, 2014.
• [36] D. Yan, L. Lu, Z. Li, X. Feng, M. Ouyang, and F. Jiang, “Durability comparison of four different types of high-power batteries in HEV and their degradation mechanism analysis,” Appl. Energy179, 1123–1130, 2016.
• [37] M. Lewandowski and M. Orzyłowski, “Fractional-order models: The case study of the supercapacitor capacitance measurement,” Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 65(4), 449–457, 2017.
• [38] J. Wang, P. Liu, J. Hicks-Garner, E. Sherman, S. Soukiazian, M. Verbrugge, H. Tataria, J. Musser, and P. Finamore, “Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells,” J. Power Sources 196(8), 3942–3948, 2011.
• [39] N. Rizoug, R. Sadoun, T. Mesbahi, P. Bartholomeus, and P. Le Moigne, “Aging of High power Li-ion cells during real use of electric vehicles,” IET Electr. Syst. Transp. 7(Vppc 2015), 1–24, 2017.
• [40] M. Wieczorek and M. Lewandowski, “A mathematical representation of an energy management strategy for hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle and real time optimization using a genetic algorithm,” Appl. Energy 192, 2017.
• [41] A. Marongiu, F. Gerd, W. Nußbaum, W. Waag, M. Garmendia, and D. Uwe, “Comprehensive study of the influence of aging on the hysteresis behavior of a lithium iron phosphate cathode-based lithium ion battery – An experimental investigation of the hysteresis,” Appl. Energy 171, 629–645, 2016.
• [42] J. Crego, I. Villarreal, M. Berecibar, and M. Garmendia, “State of health estimation algorithm of LiFePO 4 battery packs based on differential voltage curves for battery management system appli-cation,” 103, 784–796, 2016.
• [43] K.A. Severson, P.M. Attia, N. Jin, N. Perkins, B. Jiang, Z. Yang, M.H. Chen, M. Aykol, P.K. Herring, D. Fraggedakis, M.Z. Bazant, S.J. Harris, W.C. Chueh, and R.D. Braatz, “Data-driven prediction of battery cycle life before capacity degradation,” Nat. Energy4(5), 383–391, 2019.
• [44] P. Gyan, I. Baghdadi, O. Briat, and J. Del, “Lithium battery aging model based on Dakin’s degradation approach,” J. Power Sources325, 273–285, 2016

Uwagi

PL

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).