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Abstrakty
Propylene Glycol Dinitrate (PGDN) is a liquid nitrate ester explosive which has been used as a gelatinating agent in some energetic formulations. The aim of the present work was to assess whether PGDN could be used as a detection taggant. The PGDN was synthesized in the laboratory using laboratory grade propylene glycol (PG). The purity of the synthesized PGDN was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A study of the thermal decomposition of PGDN was carried out using both DSC and thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis (TG/MS) methods. The gases produced during thermal decomposition were identified by mass spectrometry and the influence of the heating rate was investigated. The duality of DSC-TGA was highlighted by studying the complementarity between these two methods. Vapour pressure and enthalpy of vaporisation of PGDN were considered as the foremost taggant characteristics, and were estimated using TGA and taking benzoic acid as the reference. The vapour pressure of PGDN at ambient temperature is 2.54 Pa, therefore the PGDN could be a good candidate as a detection taggant compared to other explosive taggants (Nitroglycerin, EGDN, DMNB and PDCB).
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
627--640
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 17 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Laboratory for Energetic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Royal Military Academy, Av. De la Renaissance 30, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
autor
- Laboratory for Energetic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Royal Military Academy, Av. De la Renaissance 30, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
Bibliografia
- [1] Meyer R., Köhler J., Homburg A., Explosives, 5th ed., WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, 2002; ISBN 3-527-30267-0.
- [2] National Research Council, Appendix 2: Propylene Glycol Dinitrate, in: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Vol. 2, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC 2002; ISBN 0-309-08511-X.
- [3] Taggant in Explosives, Report N° 80-192719, Library of Congress Catalog, 1980, pp. 03.
- [4] Jones D.E.G., Lightfoot P.D., Fouchard R.C., Kwork Q.S.M., Thermal Properties of DMNB, a Detection Agent for Explosives, Thermochim. Acta, 2002, 388, 159-173.
- [5] Fettaka H., Lefebvre M., Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate (EGDN): from Commercial Precursors, Physicochemical and Detonation Characterization, Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater., 2015, 12(2), 145-158.
- [6] Fettaka H., Lefebvre M., E-Smoking Liquids as Precursors for Liquid Nitroesters, Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater., 2016, 13(1), 1-863.
- [7] Ewing R.G., Waltman M.J., Atkinson D.A., Grate J.W., Hotchkiss P.J., The Vapor Pressures of Explosives, Trends Analyt. Chem., 2013, 42, 35-48.
- [8] Price D.M., Vapor Pressure Determination by Thermogravimetry, Thermochim. Acta, 2001, 367, 25-262.
- [9] Monte M.J.S., Santos L.M.N.B.F., Fulem M., Fonseca J.M.S., Sousa A.D., New Static Apparatus and Vapor Pressure of Reference Materials: Naphthalene, Benzoic Acid, Benzophenone, and Ferrocene, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2006, 51, 757-766.
- [10] Gouranlou F., Kohsary I., Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2,4-Butanetriol Trinitrate, Asian J. Chem., 2010, 22, 4221-4228.
- [11] Ramirez M.L., Rivera H.F., Rivera S.P.H., Thermal-spectroscopic Characterization of Acetone Peroxide and Acetone Peroxide Mixtures with Nitro Compounds, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2010, 102, 549-555.
- [12] Manelis G.B., Nazin G.M., Rubtsov I.Y.U., Strunin V.A., Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Explosives and Propellants, Taylor and Francis, 2003, pp. 128; ISBN 9780415299848.
- [13] Gabbott P., Principles and Applications of Thermal Analysis, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 90-95, 2008.
- [14] Onwudiwe C., Ajibade A., Thermal Studies of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes of some N-Alkyl-N-Phenyl-Dithiocarbamates, Int. J. Molecular Sci., 2012, 13, 9502-9513.
- [15] Félix-Rivera H., Ramírez-Cedeño M.L., Sánchez-Cuprill R.A., Hernández-Rivera S.P., Triacetone Triperoxide Thermogravimetric Study of Vapor Pressure and Enthalpy of Sublimation in 303-338 K Temperature Range, Thermochim. Acta, 2011, 514, 37-43.
- [16] Gaworski C.L., Leahy H.L., Bashe W.J., MacEwen J.D., Vernot E.H., Haun C.C., Bruner R.H., Wyman J.F., A One-year Inhalation Toxicity Study of Otto Fuel II, ADA 163 162; AAM RL-TR-85-071; NMRI-85-56, University of California, Irvine, California and Naval Medical Research Institute, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1985.
- [17] Stephenson R.M., Malanowski S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987; ISBN 978 94 010 7923 5.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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