Geochemistry and petrology of the Upper Silurian greywackes from the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland) : implications for the Caledonian history of the southern part of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ)

• Autorzy: Kozłowski W. , Domańska-Siuda J. , Nawrocki J.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.7306/gq.1160

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The Ludlovian greywackes of the Holy Cross Mountains (HCM) represent a part of the sedimentary cover of the Łysogóry and Małopolska terranes located in the Trans-European Suture Zone, central Poland. The rocks form the sedimentary infill of the Caledonian foreland basin that developed at the Tornquist margin of Laurussia and had source-areas located on the orogen side of the basin. Until the present, the source terrane of the basin has not been identified in its potential location – at the south-west margin of the East European Platform. The Ludlovian greywackes of both parts of the HCM show a lot of similarities in clast spectrum, timing, and geochemical features, which implies similar sources of the clastic material. The petrographic modal composition and geochemical features indicate recycled orogen signatures with a distinct undissected, evolved magmatic arc component. The latter is particularly evident from the extraclast spectrum that contains andesite, trachyte and dacite clasts. Beside the volcanic rocks, the source area consisted of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks with high amounts of cherts. The geochemical and petrological features in the rock succession point to an evolution of the tectonic setting from an active to a more passive margin type indicating synorogenic formation of the studied rocks. Based on the rock record, we suggest that the Upper Silurian greywackes originated as a result of the collision of the Tornquist margin of Laurussia with a volcanic arc (here: the Teisseyre Arc) – located probably at the easternmost extent of the Avalonian Plate. In this scenario, the arc-continent orogen was composed of an uplifted filling of the forearc basin, an accretionary prism, volcanic arc rocks, and an exhumed foreland basement - analogously to the present-day Taiwan orogen. The second key issue is the palaeogeographical relation between the Małopolska (Kielce Region) and the Łysogóry terranes in the Late Silurian. Despite the analogous grain composition and clast types, the Łysogóry Region greywackes are composed of distinctly more altered detritus, which is in accordance with the more distal character of the Łysogóry Basin. The latter is manifested, e.g., in the lack of Caledonian deformations. The present-day adjacency of both domains containing correlative greywacke formations coupled with contrasting alteration and Late Silurian transport directions parallel to the terrane boundary imply small to medium-scale (below palaeomagnetic resolution) left-lateral movements of the Małopolska and Łysogóry crustal blocks along the Holy Cross Fault in post-Silurian times.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

greywackes; provenance; arc-continent collision; foreland; Silurian; Holy Cross Mountains

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: Vol. 58, No. 2
• Strony: 311--336
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 122 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Kozłowski W.

• Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Domańska-Siuda J.

• Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Nawrocki J.

• Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Belka, Z., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Dorr, W., Ahrendt, H., Wemmer, K., Franke, W., Schäfer, J., 2002. Accreti on of first Gondwana-derived terranes at the margin of Baltica. Geological Society Special Publications, 201: 19-36.
• 2. Belousova, E., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Fisher, N.I., 2002. Igneous zircon: trace element composition as an indicator of source rock type. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 143: 602-622.
• 3. Bhatia, M.R., 1983. Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Journal of Geology, 91: 611-627.
• 4. Bhatia, M.R., Crook, K.A.W., 1986. Trace element characteristics of greywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92: 181-193.
• 5. Bock, B., Mclennan, S.M., Hanson, G.N., 1998. Geochemistry and provenance of the Middle Ordovician Austin Glen Member (Normanskill Formation) and the Taconian Orogeny in New England. Sedimentology, 45: 635-655.
• 6. Bock, B., Bahlburg, H., Worner, G. Zimmermann, U., 2000. Ordovician arcs and terranes in NW-Argentina and N-Chile? Geot chemical and isotope evidence. Journal of Geology, 108: 513-535.
• 7. Brochwicz-Lewiński, W., Pożaryski, W., Tomczyk, H., 1984. Sinistral strike-slip movements in Central Europe in the Palaeozoic. Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 160 (A-13): 3-13.
• 8. Buła, Z., 2000. The Lower Palaeozoic of Upper Silesia and West Malopolska (in Polish with English summary). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 171.
• 9. Buła, Z., Jachowicz, M., Żaba, J., 1997. Principal characteristics of the Upper Silesian block and Małopolska block border zone (southern Poland). Geological Magazine, 134: 669-677.
• 10. Chlebowski, R., 1978. Petrographic studies of Early Palaeozoic tufogenic rocks from the Holy Cross Mountains (in Polish with English summary). Archiwum Mineralogiczne, 34: 126-134.
• 11. Clift, P.D., Lin, A.T., Carter, A., Wu, F., Draut, A.E., Lai, T.H., Fei, L.Y., Schooute, H., Teng, L., 2008. Post-collisional collapse in the wake of migrating arc-continent coliision in the Ilan Basin, Taiwan. GSA Special Papers, 436: 257-278.
• 12. Cocks, L.R.M., 2002. Key Lower Palaeozoic faunas from near the trans-European suture zone. Geological Society Special Publications, 201: 37-46.
• 13. Cocks, L.R.M., Torsvik, T.H., 2005. Baltica from the late Precambrian to mid-Palaeozoic times: The gain and loss of a terrane's identity. Earth-Science Reviews, 72: 39-66.
• 14. Condie, K.C., Wronkiewicz, D.J., 1990. The Cr/Th ratio in Precambrian pelites from Kaapvaal craton as an index of craton evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 97: 256-267.
• 15. Condie, K.C., Noll, P.D., Conway, C.M., 1992. Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona. Sedimentary Geology, 77: 51-76.
• 16. Cox, R., Lowe, D.R., Cullers, R.L., 1995. The influence of sediment recycling and base ment composition on evolution of mudrock chem stry in the southwestern United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 2919-2940.
• 17. Cullers, R.L., 1994. The controls on the major and trace element variation of shales, siltstones, and sandstones of Pennsylvanian-Permian age from uplifted continental blocks in Colorado to platform sediments in Kansas, USA. Geochimica et Cosmo, chimica Acta, 58: 4955-4972.
• 18. Czarnocki, J., 1919. Stratygrafia i tektonika Gór Świętokrzyskich (in Polish). Prace Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego, 28: 1-172.
• 19. Czarnocki, J., 1923. Zechstein dans les Montagnes de Święty Krzyż (in Polish with French summary). Sprawozdanie Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 2: 151-191.
• 20. Czarnocki, J., 1936. Überblick der Stratigraphie und Paläogeographie des Unterdevons im Polnischen Mittelgebirge (in Polish with German summary). Sprawozdanie Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 8: 1-27.
• 21. Czarnocki, J., 1950. Geology of the Łysa Góra region (Święty Krzyż Mountains) in connection with the problem of iron ores at Rudki (in Polish with English summary). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 1: 1-404.
• 22. Dadlez, R., 2001. Holy Cross Mts. area - Crustal structure, geophysical data and general geology. Geological Quarterly, 45 (2): 99-106.
• 23. Deczkowski, Z., Tomczyk, H., 1969. Stratigraphy of the older Palaeozoic in the Wilków borehole in the northern part of the Góry Świętokrzyskie (in Polish with English summary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 13 (1): 15-23.
• 24. Dickinson, W.R., 1970. Interpreting detrital modes of greywacke and arkose. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, 40: 695-707.
• 25. Dickinson, W.R., 1985. Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones. In: Provenance of Arenites (ed. G.G. Zuffa): 333-361. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Boston.
• 26. Dickinson, W.R., Beard, L.S., Brakenbridge, G.R., Erjavec, J.L., Ferguson, R.C., Inman, K.F., Knepp, R.A., Lindberg, F.A., Ryberg, P.T., 1983. Provenance of North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. GSA Bulletin, 94: 222-235.
• 27. Dorsey, R.J., 1985. Petrography of Neogene sandstones from the Coastal Range of eastern Taiwan: response to arc-continent collision. Petroleum Geology of Taiwan, 21: 187-215.
• 28. Dorsey, R.J., 1988. Provenance evolution and unroofing history of a modern arc-continent collision; evidence from petrography of Plio-Pleistocene sandstones, eastern Taiwan. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58: 208-218.
• 29. Dzik, J., Pisera, A., 1994. The Mójcza Limestone and its sedimentation. Palaeontologia Polonica, 53: 5-41.
• 30. Eynatten, H.V., von, Barceló-Vidal, C., Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., 2003. Composition and discrimination of sandstones: a statistical evaluation of different analytical methods. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 73: 47-57.
• 31. Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1995. Unravelling of effects of potassium metasomatosis in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology, 23: 921-924.
• 32. Feng, R., Kerrich, R., 1990. Geochemistry of fine-grained clastic sediments in the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada. Implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54: 1061-1081.
• 33. Floyd, P.A., Leveridge, B.E., 1987. Tectonic environment of the Devonian mode and geochemical evidence from turbiditic sand - stones. Journal of Geological Society, 144: 531-542.
• 34. Floyd, P.A., Winchester, J.A., Park, R.G., 1989. Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Lewisian clastic metasediments from the early Proterozoic Loch Maree Group of Gairloch, N.W. Scotland. Precambrian Research, 32: 97-131.
• 35. Floyd, P.A., Shail, R., Leveridge, B.E., Franke, W., 1991. Geot chemistry and provenance of Rhenohercynian synorogenic sand stones: implications for tectonic environment discrimination. Geological Society Special Publications, 57: 173-188.
• 36. Gazzi, P., 1966. Le arenarie del flysch sopracretaceo dell'Appennino modenese; correlazioni conilflysch di Monglhidoro (in Italian). Mineralogia e Petrografica Acta, 12: 69-97.
• 37. Giese, U., Walter, R., Katzung, G., 1994. Detrital composition of Ordovician sandstones from the Rügen boreholes: implications for the evolution of the Tornquist Ocean. Geologische Rundschau, 83: 293-308.
• 38. Girty, G.H., Ridge, D.L., Knaack, C., Johnson, D., Al-Riyami, R.K., 1996. Provenance and depositional setting of Paieozoic chert and argillite, Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66: 107-118.
• 39. Heier, K.S., Billings, G.K., 1970. Rubidium. In: Handbook of Geochemistry (ed. K.H. Wedepohl). Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg.
• 40. Herron, M.M., 1988. Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58: 820-829.
• 41. Hong, E., 1997. Evolution of Pliocene to Pleistocene sedimentary environ ments in an arc-continent collision zone: evidence from analysis of lithofacies and ichnofacies in the south - western foothills of Taiwan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 15: 381-392.
• 42. Huang, C.Y., Wu, W.Y., Chang, C.P., Tsao, S., Yuan, P.B., Lin, W., Xia, K.Y., 1997. Tectonic evolution of accretionary prism in the arc-continent collision terrane of Taiwan. Tectonophysics, 281: 31-51.
• 43. Huang, C.Y., Yuan, P.B., Lin, C.W., Wang, T.K., Chang, C.P., 2000. Geodynamic processes of Taiwan arc-continent collision and comparison with analogs in Timor, Papua New Guinea, Urals and Corsica. Tectonophysics, 325: 1-21.
• 44. Ingersoll, R.V., Bullard, T.F., Ford, R.L., Grim, J.P., Pickle, J.D., Sares, S.W., 1984. The effect of grain size on detrital modes: a test of the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54: 103-116.
• 45. Janik, T., Grad, M., Guterch, A., Dadlez, R., Yliniemi, J., Tiira, T., Keller, G.R., Gaczyński, E., Środa, P., Komminaho, K., Hrubcova, P., Czuba, W., Malinowski, M., 2005. Lithospheric structure of the Trans-European Suture Zone along the TTZ-CEL03 seismic transect (from NW to SE Poland). Tectonophysics, 411: 129-156.
• 46. Jaworowski, K., 1971. Sedimeniary structures of the Upper Silurian siltstones in the Polish Lowlands. Acta Geologica Polonica, 21: 519-571.
• 47. Jaworowski, K., 2000. Facies analysis of the Silurian shale-siltstone succession in Pomerania (northern Poland). Geological Quarterly, 44: 297-315.
• 48. Jaworowski, K., Sikorska, M., 2006. Łysogóry Unit (Central Poland) versus East European Craton - application of sedimentological data from Cambrian siliciclastic association. Geological Quarterly, 50 (1): 77-88.
• 49. Johnson, M.E., 2006. Relation ship of Silurian sea-level fluctuations to oceanic episodes and events. GFF, 128: 115-121.
• 50. Kamp, P.C., van de, Leake, B. E., 1995. Petrology and geochemistry of siliciclastic rocks of mixed feldspathic and ophiolitic provenance in the Northern Apennines, Italy. Chemical Geology, 122: 1-20.
• 51. Katzung, G., 2001. The Caledonides at the southern margin of the East European Craton. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 222: 3-53.
• 52. Konon, A., 2007. Strike-slip faulting in the Kielce Unit, Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 57: 415-441.
• 53. Kowalczewski, Z., 1974. Geological and structural aspects of magmatism in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. against the background of recent research (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 275: 11-62.
• 54. Kowalczewski, Z., Lisik, R., 1974. New data on diabases and geological structure of the Prągowiec area in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 275: 113-158.
• 55. Kozłowski, W., 2003. Age, sedimentary environment and palaeogeographical position of the Upper Silurian oolitic beds in the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 53: 341-357.
• 56. Kozłowski, W., 2008. Lithostratigraphy and regional significance of the Nowa Słupia Group (Upper Silurian) of the Łysogóry region (Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 58: 43-74.
• 57. Kozłowski, W., Munnecke, A., 2010. Stable carbon isotope development and sea-level changes during the Late Ludlow (Silurian) of the Łysogóry region (Rzepin section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Facies, 56: 615-633.
• 58. Kozłowski, W., Tomczykowa, E., 1999. A new occurrence of benthic fauna in the Niewachlów Greywackes (Upper Silurian) from Zalesie near Łagów in the Holy Cross Mouniains. Geological Quarterly, 43 (1): 129-134.
• 59. Kozłowski, W., Domańska, J., Nawrocki, J., Pecskay, Z., 2004. The provenance of the Upper Silurian greywackes from the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland). Mineralogical Society of Poland, Special Papers, 24: 251-254.
• 60. Krzemiński, L., 2004. Geochemical constraints on the origin of the mid-Palaeozoic diabases from the Holy Cross Mts. and Upper Silesia, southeastern Poland. Geological Quarterly, 48 (2): 147-158.
• 61. Krzemiński, L., Poprawa, P., 2006. Geochemistry of the Ordovician and Silurian clastic sediments of the Koszalin-Chojnice zone and the western Baltic Basin (N Poland) (in Polish with English summary). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 186: 123-148.
• 62. Langier-Kuźniarowa, A., Ryka, W., 1972. Silurian bentonites of the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mouniains (in Polish with English sum mary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 261: 7-30.
• 63. Lester, R., Lavier, L.L., McIntosh, K., Van Avendonk, H.J., Wu, F., 2012. Acive exiension in Taiwan's pre-collision zone: A new model of plate bending in continental crust. Geology, 40: 831-834.
• 64. Lin, A.T., Watts, A.B., 2002. Origin of the West Taiwan basin by orogenic loading and flexure of a rifted continental margin. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (B9): 2185.
• 65. Malec, J., 2001. Sedimentology of deposits around the Late Caledonian unconformity in the western Holy Cross Mouniains. Geological Quarterly, 45 (4): 397-415.
• 66. Masiak, M., Podhalańska, T., Stępień-Sałek, M., 2003. Ordovician-Silurian bound ary in the Bardo Syncline, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland - new data on fossil assemblages and sedimentary succession. Geological Quarterly, 47 (4): 311-330.
• 67. McLennan, S.M., 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. Reviews in Mineralogy, 21: 169-200.
• 68. McLennan, S.M., 2001. Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2: 2000GC000109.
• 69. McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D.K., Hanson, G.N., 1993. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance and tectonics. GSA Special Paper, 284: 21-40.
• 70. Narkiewicz, M., 2002. Ordovician through earliest Devonian development of the Holy Cross Mts. (Poland): Constraints from subsidence analysis and thermal maturity data. Geological Quarterly, 46 (3): 255-266.
• 71. Narkiewicz, M., Resak, M., Littke, R., Marynowski, L., 2010. New constraints on the Middle Palaeozoic to Cenozoic burial and thermal history of the Holy Cross Mts. (Central Poland): results from numerical modelling. Geologica Acta, 8: 189-205.
• 72. Narkiewicz, M., Grad, M., Guterch, A., Janik, T., 2011. Crustal seismic velocity structure of southern Poland: Preserved memory of a pre-Devonian terrane accretion at the East European Platform margin. Geological Magazine, 148: 191-210.
• 73. Nawrocki, J., 2000. Late Silurian paleomagnetic pole from the Holy Cross Mountains: Constraints for the post-Caledonian tectonic activity of the Trans-European Suture Zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 179: 325-334.
• 74. Nawrocki, J., Poprawa, P., 2006. Development of Trans-European Suture Zone in Poland: From Ediacaran rifting to Early Palaeozoic accretion. Geological Quarterly, 50 (1): 59-76.
• 75. Nawrocki, J., Dunlap, J., Pecskay, Z., Krzemiñski, L., Żylmska, A., Fanning, M., Kozłowski, W., Salwa, S., Szczepaniak, Z., Trela, W., 2007. Late Neoproterozoic to Early Palaeozoic palaeogeography of the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Europe): An integrated approach. Journal of Geological Society, 164: 405-423.
• 76. Nawrocki, J., Salwa, S., Pañczyk, M., 2013. New 40Ar-39Ar age constrains for magmatic and hydrothermal activity in the Holy Cross Mts. (southern Poland). Geological Quarterly, 57 (3): 551-560.
• 77. Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutite. Nature, 299: 715-717.
• 78. Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1984. Prediction of some weatherl ng trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 1523-1534.
• 79. Nesbitt, H.W., Fedo, C.M., Young, G.G., 1997. Quartz and feldspar stability, steady and non-steady-state weathering, and petrogen esis of siliciclastic sands and muds: Journal of Geology, 105: 173-191.
• 80. Oczlon M.S., Seghedi A., Carrigan, C.W., 2007. Avalonian and Baltican tertanes in the Moesian Platform (southern Eutope, Romania, and Bulgaria) in the context of Caledonian terranes along the southwestern margin of the East European craton. GSA Special Paper, 423: 375-400.
• 81. Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E., Siever, R., 1972. Sand and Sandstone. Springer-Verlag, New York.
• 82. Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E., Siever, R., 1987. Sand and Sandstone, Second Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
• 83. Pharaoh, T.C., 1999. Palaeozoic tertanes and their lithospheric boundaries within the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ): a review. Tectonophysics, 314: 17-41.
• 84. Podhalañska, T., Modliñski, Z., 2006. Stratigraphy and facies characteristics of the Ordovician and Silurian deposits of the Koszalin-Chojnice zone; similarities and differences to the western margin of the East European Craton and Rügen area (in Polish with English summary). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 186: 39-78.
• 85. Poprawa, P., 2006. Development of the Caledonian collision zone along the western margin of Baltica and its relation to the foreland basin (in Polish with English summary). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 186: 189-214.
• 86. Poprawa, P., Sliaupa, S., Stephenson, R., Lazauskiene, J., 1999. Late Vendian-Early Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the Baltic Basin: Regional tectonic implications from subsidence analysis. Tectonophysics, 314: 219-239.
• 87. Poprawa, P., Paszkowski, M., Fanning, M.C., Pecskay, Z., Nawrocki, J., Sikorska, M., 2006. Geochronological characteristics of source areas for the Lower Palaeozoic sediments from the NW East European Craton and Koszalin-Chojnice zone; dating of detrital mica (K/Ar) and zircon (U/Pb sHrIMP). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 186: 149-164.
• 88. Pożaryski, W., Tomczyk, H., 1993. Geological cross-section through SE Poland (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 41: 687-695.
• 89. Przybyłowicz, T., Stupnicka, E., 1991. Manifestation of volcanism in Ordovician and Silurian of the southern part of Świętokrzyskie Mts. Archiwum Mineralogiczne, 46: 137-153.
• 90. Purevjav, N., Roser, B., 2012. Geochemistry of Devonian-Carboniferous clastic sediments of the Tsetserleg terrane, Hangay Basin, Central Mongolia: Provenance, source weathering, and tectonic setting. Island Arc, 21: 270-287.
• 91. Romanek, A., Rup, M., 1989. Greywackes from Jurkowice and the Upper Silurian greywacke series in the southern part of the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 362: 41-64.
• 92. Roser, B.P., 2000. Whole-rock geochemical studies of clastic sedimentary rocks. Memoirs of the Geological Society of Japan, 57: 73-89.
• 93. Roser, B.P., Korsch, R.J., 1986. Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone mudstone suites using SiO2 content and K2O /Na2O ratio. Journal of Geology, 94: 635-650.
• 94. Roser, B.P., Korsch, R.J., 1988. Provenance signatures of sand- stone-mudstone suites determined using discrimination function analysis of major element data. Chemical Geology, 67: 119-139.
• 95. Roy, P.D., Caballero, M., Lozano, R., Smykatz-Kloss, W., 2008. Geochemistry of late quaternary sediments from Tecocomulco lake, central Mexico: implication to chemical weathering and provenance Chem. Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry, 68: 383-393.
• 96. Ryka, W., Tomczyk, H., 1959. Bentonites in Old Palaeozoic sediments from the Święty Krzyż Mts. (in Polish with English summary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 3 (4): 710-712.
• 97. Samsonowicz, J., 1934. Explication de la feuille Opatów. Carte Géologique Genérale de la Pologne au 100 000. Varsovie.
• 98. Schatz, M., Zwing, A., Tait, J., Belka, Z., Soffel, H.C., Bachtadse, V., 2006. Paleomagnetism of Ordovician carbonate rocks from Malopolska Massif, Holy Cross Mountains, SE Poland - magnetostratigraphic and geotectonic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 244: 349-360.
• 99. Schovsbo, N.H., 2003. The geochemistry of Lower Palaeozoic sediments deposited on the margins of Baltica. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 50: 11-27.
• 100. Semenenko, N.P., 1968. Riphean volcanism and mineralization of the western part of the Ukrainian Shield (in Russian with English summary). Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
• 101. Shaw, D.M., 1968. A review of K-Rb fractionation trends by covariance analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 32: 573-602
• 102. Stempień, M., 1990. Ordovician and Silurian acritarchs of the Niestachów sandstone formation. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 60: 59-74.
• 103. Szulczewski, M., 1995. Depositional evolution of the Holy Cross Mts. (Po land) in the Devonian and Carboniferous - a review. Geological Quarterly, 39 (4): 471-488.
• 104. Szulczewski, M., 1996. Outline of the Holy Cross Mountains geology. In: Sixth European Conodont Symposium, Excursion Guide (eds. M. Szulczewski and S. Skompski): 21-27. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, Warszawa.
• 105. Tayl or, S.R., McLennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
• 106. Tomczyk, H., 1954. Stratigraphy of the Gotlandian in the Międzygórz basin - Święty Krzyż Mts. on the basis of the fauna from graptolitic shales (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 93: 1-66.
• 107. Tomczyk, H., 1956. Wenlock and Ludlow in the Kielce Syncline of the Holy Cross Mts. (in Polish with English summary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 16.
• 108. Tomczyk, H., 1970. Silurian. In: Stratigraphy - Precambrian and Palaeozoic. Geology of Poland 1, part 1 (eds. S. Sokołowski, S. Cieśliński and J. Czermiński): 237-319. Wyd. Geol., Warszawa.
• 109. Tomczyk, H., 1974. Góry Świętokrzyskie. In: Budowa geologiczna Polski, Tektonika (ed. W. Pożaryski): 128-197. Wyd. Geol., Warszawa.
• 110. Tomczyk H., 1987. Korelacja tektoniczno-strukturalna brzegu platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej z regionem Świętokrzyskim (epoka kaledońsko-waryscyjska) (in Polish). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 31 (2-3): 486-488.
• 111. Tomczyk, H., Tomczykowa, E., 1976. Development of Ashgill and Llandovery sedi ments in Poland. In: The Ordovician System: proceedings of a Palaeontological Association symposium, Birmingham, September 1974 (ed. M.G. Bassett): 327-348. University of Wales Press and National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.
• 112. Tomczykowa, E., 1993. Upper Ludlow trilobites from the southern part of the Holy Cross Mts. Geologlogical Quarterly, 37 (3): 359-384.
• 113. Tomczykowa, E., Tomczyk, H., 2000. The lower Palaeozoic in the Daromin IG 1 borehole - confirmation of the concept of the terrane structure of the Łysogóry and Małopolska blocks (Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts.) (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 393: 167-203.
• 114. Torsvik, T.H., Rehnstrom, E.F., 2003. The Tornquist Sea and the Baltica-Avalonia docking. Tectonophysics, 362: 67-82.
• 115. Torsvik, T.H., Smethurst, M.A., Meert, J.G., Voo, R., van der, McKerrow, W.S., Brasier, M.D., Sturt, B.A., Walderhaug, H.J., 1996. Congenial break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic - a tale of Baltica and Laurentia. Earth-Science Reviews, 40: 229-258.
• 116. Totten, M., Hanan, M., Weaver, B., 2000. Beyond whole-rock geochemistry of shales: The importance of assessing mineralogical controls for revealing tectonic discriminants of multiple sediment sources for the Ouachita Mountain flysch deposits. GSA Bulietin, 112: 1012-1022.
• 117. Trela, W., 1998. Sedimentary environment of the condensed Ordovician limestones from Mójcza section (Holy Cross Mts.). Geological Quarterly, 42 (3): 289-300.
• 118. Winchester, J.A., Floyd, P.A., Crowley, Q.G., Piasecki, M.A.J., Lee, M.K., Pharaoh, T.C., Williamson, P., Banka, D., Verniers, J., Samuelsson, J., Bayer, U., Marotta, A.-M.,Lamarche, J., Franke, W., Dorr, W., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Giese, U., Vecoli, M., Thybo, H., Laigle, M., Scheck, M., Maluski, H., Marheine, Noble, S.R., Paarish, R.R., Evans, J., Timmerman, H., Gerdes, A., Guterch, A., Grad, M., Cwojdzinski, S., Cymerman, Z., Kozdroj, W., Kryza, R., Aleksandrowski, P., Mazur, S., Stedra, V., Kotkova, J., Belka, Z., Patocka, F., Kachlik, V., 2002. Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe: New results from recent geological and geophysical investigations. Tectonophysics, 360: 5-21.
• 119. Winchester, J.A., Pharaoh, T.C., Verniers, J., loane, D., Seghedi, A., 2006. Palaeozoic accretion of Gondwana-derived terranes to the East European Craton: Recognition of detached terrane fragments dispersed after collision with promontories. Geological Society Memoir, 32: 323-332.
• 120. Znosko, J., 1974. Outline of the tectonics of Poland and the problems of the Vistulicum and Variscicum against the tectonics of Europe. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 274: 7-38.
• 121. Żelaźniewicz, A., Buła, Z., Fanning, M., Seghedi, A., Żaba, J., 2009. More evidence on Neoproterozoic terranes in Southern Poland and southeastern Romania. Geological Quarterly, 53 (1): 93-124.
• 122. Żylińska, A., 2002. Stratigraphic and biogeographic significance of Late Cambrian trilobites from Łysogóry (Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 52: 217-238.