Powiadomienia systemowe
- Sesja wygasła!
- Sesja wygasła!
- Sesja wygasła!
Tytuł artykułu
Autorzy
Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Amonia
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Amoniak jest bezbarwnym gazem o ostrym i odpychającym zapachu, wyczuwalnym w zakresie stężeń 0,6 -s- 40 mg/m3. W wodzie 90% amoniaku występuje w postaci jonów amonowych. Ponad 90% amoniaku w powietrzu jest pochodzenia naturalnego, a jedynie około 5% pochodzi z produkcji w zakładach przemysłowych, z czego 80% wykorzystuje się do produkcji nawozów. Głównym źródłem narażenia jest powietrze. Narażenie pokarmowe lub skórne może być wynikiem jedynie przypadkowego spożycia soli amoniaku lub polania się jego stężonym roztworem. Skutki powtarzanego narażenie na amoniak są przede wszystkim związane z jego działaniem drażniącym na górne drogi oddechowe. Amoniak ulega szybkiemu wchłanianiu i wydalaniu w górnych drogach oddechowych, dlatego nie powoduje zmian w głębszych tkankach organizmu. W dostępnym piśmiennictwie nie ma informacji o teratogennym, genotoksycznym lub kancerogennym działaniu amoniaku. Najmniejsze stężenie amoniaku, po którym obserwowano drażnienie górnych dróg oddechowych i oczu oraz pogorszenie funkcji oddechowej płuc, wynosiło 70 mg/m3 (LOAEL). Za podstawę wartości NDS amoniaku przyjęto stężenie 35 mg/m3. Po narażeniu na amoniak o tym stężeniu nie obserwowano skutków szkodliwych dla zdrowia ludzi (NOAEL). Uwzględniając wrażliwość osobniczą ludzi oraz wartość normatywu przyjętą w Unii Europejskiej, zaproponowano, aby wartość NDS amoniaku, jako wartość średnią ważoną dla 8-godzinnego dnia pracy, ustalić na poziomie 14 mg/m3 (19,74 ppm), a wartość NDSCh - na poziomie 28 mg/m3 (39,48 ppm), ze względu na działanie drażniące związku.
Amonia is a colourless gas of an unbearable odour, detectable in air concentrations from 0.6 to 40 mg/m3. Ninety percent of amonia is in water in the form of amonia ions. Over 90% of amonia in the atmospheric air is of natural origin and only 5% originates from industrial production. Eighty percent of the latter is utilised in the production of fertilisers. The main source of exposure is amonia in the air. Exposure through ingestion or through skin penetration can only take place in the case of accidental ingestion of amonia or as a result of splashing a highly concentrated solution. The effects of repeated exposure to amonia are mainly in the form of irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Amonia is rapidly absorbed in the upper respiratory tract and removed from the body through exhalation. There is nliterature data indicating teratogenic, genotoxic or carcinogenic effects.The lowest observed concentration which caused irritation of the upper respiratory tract (LOAEL) was 70 mg/m3. The air concentration of amonia of 35 mg/m3 was used as the highest permissible concentration, at which no adverse health effects could be observed (NOAEL). Taking into account individual sensitivity among people and the standard value established in the European Union, it has been proposed that the highest permissible concentration of amonia should be 14 mg/m3 as an average during an 8-hour work shift, and 28 mg/3 as a short-term exposure limit in view of its irritation effect. The main source of exposure is amonia in the air. Exposure through ingestion or through skin penetration can only take place in the case of accidental ingestion of amonia or as a result of splashing a highly concentrated solution. The effects of repeated exposure to amonia are mainly in the form of irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Amonia is rapidly absorbed in the upper respiratory tract and removed from the body through exhalation. There is no literature data indicating teratogenic, genotoxic or carcinogenic effects The lowest observed concentration which caused irritation of the upper respiratory tract (LOAEL) was 70 mg/m3.The air concentration of amonia of 35 mg/m3 was used as the highest permissible concentration, at which no adverse health effects could be observed (NOAEL). Taking into account individual sensitivity among people and the standard value established in the European Union, it has been proposed that the highest permissible concentration of amonia should be 14 mg/mJ as an average during an 8-hour work shift, and 28 mg/3 as a short-term exposure limit in view of its irritation effect.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
5--32
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 91 poz., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 90-950 Łódź ul. św. Teresy
autor
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 90-950 Łódź ul. św. Teresy
Bibliografia
- 1. Amoore J.E., Hautala E. (1983) Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilulion. J. Appl.Toxicol. 3, 272-290.
- 2. Apol A.G., Singal M. (1987) Health hazard evaluation report HETA-84-488-I793, J.R. Simplot Company, Pocatello, Idaho. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Cincinnati, OH [cyt. za ATSDR 1990].
- 3. Atanassov C.L. i in, (1995) Effect of ammonia on endocytosis and cytokine production by immoratized human microglia and astroglia cells. Neurochem, Int. 27, 4I7 -424.
- 4. ATSDR (1990) Toxicological profile for ammonia. TP-90-03.
- 5. Attwood P. i in. (1987) A study of the relationship between airborne contaminants and envimmerrtal factors in Dutch swine confinement buildings. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48, 745-751.
- 6. Axelrod H.D., Greenberg J.P, (1976) Determination of trace concentration of ammonia in the atmosphere using pyridine-pyrazolone reagent, Atmos. Environ. l0, 495 -496.
- 7. Boyd E.M., Maclnchlan M.L,, Perry W.F, (1944) Experimental ammonia gas poisoning in rabits and cats. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxico|.26,29-34.
- 8. Braker W., Mossman A. (1977) Matheson gas data book. 6 ed, Lyndhurst, NJ: Matheson gas products fcyt. za Michaels 1999].
- 9. Brautbar N. (1998) Ammonia exposure: a common cause for sinusitis a case and review of literature. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 14,891-895.
- 10.Brille D., Hatzfeld C,, Laurent M, R. (1957) Bronchite chronique, emphyseme et professions. Arch. Mal, Prof. 18,320-336 cyt. za de la Hoz i in. 1996].
- 11. Broderson J.R., Lindsey J.R., Crawford J.E. (1976) The role of environmental ammonia in respiratory mycoplasmosis of rats. Am. J. Pathol. 85, 115-130,
- 12. Breeding R.J i in. (1976) Measurements of atmospheric pollutants in the St. Louis area. Atmos.Environ. 10, 181-184.
- 13. Burns T.R. (1985) Ultrastructure of acute ammonia toxicity in the human lung. Am. J. Forensic.Med Pathol. 6, 204-210.
- 14. Close L.G., Catlin F.L, Cohn A.M. (1980) Acute and chronic effects of ammonia burns on the respiratory tract. Arch. Otolaryngol. 160, 151-158.
- 15. Coon R.A. i in, (1970) Animal inhalation studies on ammonia ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, dimethylamine, and ethanol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 16,646-655.
- 16.Conn H.O. (1972) Studies of the source and significance of blood ammonia. IV. Early ammonia peaks after ingestion of ammonium salts. Yale. J. Biol. Med. 45, 543-549,
- 17. de la Hoz R, E., Schlueter D.P., Rom W. N, (1996) Chronic lung disease secondary to ammonia inhalation injury: a report on three cases. Am. J. Ind. Med, 29, 209-214,
- 18. Dalhamn T. (1963) Effect of ammonia alone and combined with carbon particles on ciliary activity in the rabbit trachea in vivo with studies of the absorption capacity of the nasal cavity.Int, J. Air. Water. Poll. 7, 53I-539 [abstrakt].
- 19. Dalhamn T, (1963) Effect of ammonia alone and combined with carbon particles on ciliary activity in the rabbit trachea in vivo with studies of the absorption capacity of the nasal cavity.Int, J. Air Water Pollut. 7, 53I-539 |cyt. za WHO 1986].
- 20. Denmead o.T., Freney J,R., Simpson J.R. (1982) Atmospheric dispersion of ammonia during application of anhydrous ammoni fertilizer. J. Environ. Qual. 1I, 568- 572.
- 21. Dodd K.T., Gross D.R. (1980) Ammonia inhalation toxicity in cats: a study of acute and chronic respiratory dysfunction. Arch. Environ. Health 35,6-14.
- 22. Doig P.A., Willoughby R.A. (Ig7I) Response of swine to atmospheric ammonia and organic dust. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 159, 1353-1361.
- 23. Donham K.J. i in. (1995) Respiratory dysfunction in swine production facility workers: dose-response relationships of environmental exposures and pulmonary function. Am. J. Ind. Med.27, 405-418,
- 24. Donham K.J., Popendorf W.J. (1985) Ambient levels of selected gases inside swine confinement buildings. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. I. 46,658-66I.
- 25. Donham K.J. i in. (2000) Dose-response relationships between occupational aerosol exposures and cross-shift declines of lung function in poultry workers: recommendations for exposure limits. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 42, 260-269.
- 26. Drummond J.G. i in. (1980) Effects of aerial ammonia on growth and health of young pigs, J. Anim. Sci. 50, 1085-1091,
- 27. Duda G.D., Handler P. (1958) Kinetics of ammonia metabolism in vivo. J. Biol. Chem.232, 303-314.
- 28. EgIe JL Jr. (1973) Retention of inhaled acetone and ammonia in the dog. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 34,533-539.
- 29. Farber R.,1, Rossano A.T. (1975) A new approach for measuring atmospheric concentration of ammonia, Abstract presentation at the meeting of Air Pollution Association. Vancouver.
- 30. Ferguson W,S. (L977) Human physiological response and adaption to ammonia. J. Occup. Med. 19,319-326.
- 31. Flury K.E. (1983) Airway obstruction due to inhalation of ammonia. Mayo Clin. Proc. 58, 389-393.
- 32. Furst p. i in. (1969) Nitrogen balance after intravenous and oral administration of ammonium salts to man. J. Appl. Physiol. 26,13-22.
- 33. Georgii H.W. (1963) Oxides of nitrogen and ammonia in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 68, 963-970.
- 34. Gustin p. i in. (1994) Effects of atmospheric ammonia on pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular permeability in pigs: interaction with endotoxins. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. I25,17-26.
- 35. HamiltonT.D.C., Roe J.M., Webster J.F. (1996) Synergistic role of gaseous ammonia in etiology of Paseurella multocida-induced atrophic rhinitis in swine. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34,2185-2I90.
- 36. Hatton D.v, i in. (19'79) Collagen breakdown and ammonia inhalation. Arch. Environ. Health. 34,83-86.
- 37. Healy T,V. i in. (1970) Ammonia and ammonium sulfate in the troposphere over the United Kingdom. J. Geophys. Res., 75,2317-232I.
- 38. Heifer U. (I97I) [Casuistic contribution to acute lethal inhalation poisoning by ammonia.] Lebensversicher Med, 22,60-62 [cyt. za ATSDR 1990].
- 39. Henderson Y, Haggard H.W. (1927) Noxious gases. New York, Chemical Catalog Company, Inc.87, 113-126,
- 40. Hidy G.M. (I9'74) Characterization of aerosols in California (ACFIEX), thousend Oaks, California, Rockwell International, vol. 1-4.
- 41. Hilado C,J., Casey C.J., Furst A. (1977) Effect of ammonia on Swiss albino mice. J. Combust. Toxicol. 4, 385-388,
- 42. Holness D.L, Purdham J.T, Nethercott JR. (1989) Acute and chronic respiratory effects of occupational exposure to ammonia. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J 50, 646-650.
- 43. Jones W. (1984) Environmental study of poultry confinement buildings. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.45,760-766.
- 44. Kacergis J.B. (1996) Air quality in an animal facility: particulates, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 57,634-640.
- 45. Kapeghian J.C. i in. (1982) Acute inhalation toxicity of ammonia in mice. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29,37 I-37 8.
- 46. Kass I. i in. (1972) Bronchiectasis following ammonia burns of the respiratory tract. A review of 2 cases. Chest 62,282-285.
- 47. Keplinger M.L. i in. (L973) Irritation threshold evaluation study with ammonia. [W:] Raport to the Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration, Northbrook, Illinois, Industrial Bio-Test Laboratońes, INC. [cyt, zaWHO 1986].
- 48. Kein J., Olson K.R, McKinney H.E. (1985) Caustic injury from household ammonia. Am. J. F.merg.Med. 3,320.
- 49. Kosenko E. i in. (1995) Nitroarginine, an inhibitor of nitic oxide synthetase, attenuates ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain metabolism. Neurochem. Res. 20,45I-456.
- 50. Kosenko E. i in. (1997) Superoxide production and antioxidant enzymes in ammonia intoxication. Free Rad. Res. 27, 637-644.
- 51. Landahl H,D., Herrmann R.G. (1950) Retention of vapors and gases in the human nose and ling. Arch.Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med.1, 36-45.
- 52. Leduc D. i in. (1992) Acute and long term respiratory damage following inhalation of ammonia. Thorax. 47, 7 55-7 57 [abstract].
- 53. Leonardos G., Kendall D., Barnard N. (L969) Odor threshold determinations of 53 odorant chemicals. J. Air. Pollut. Cont. Assoc, 19,9I-95.
- 54. Leonard J.J., Feddes J.J.R., McQuitty J.B. (1984) Air quality in commercial broiler housing. Can Agric. Eng.26,65-71 [cyt, za ATSDR 1990],
- 55. MacEwen J.D., Vernot E.H. (1972) Toxic hazards research unit annual technical report. NTIS ad 755-358,70-73.
- 56. Mayan M.H,, Merilan C,P. (1972) Effects of ammonia inhalation on J. Anim. Sci.34, 448-452.
- 57. Mclean J.A. (1979) Effects of ammonia on nasal resistance in atopic and Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 88,228-234.
- 58. Michaels R.A. (1999) Emergency planning and acute toxic potency of inhaled ammonia. Environ. Health Prospect. IO7 ,617-627 .
- 59. Montague T.J., Macneil A.R. (1980) Mass ammonia inhalation. Chest 77,496- 498.
- 60. MiyataR. i in. (I99g) Exposure of intestinal epithelial cell HT29 to bile acids and ammonia enhances Mac-l-mediated neutrophil adhesion. Inflamm, Res. 48, 265-273.
- 61. NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health (1988). National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES), s. 93.
- 62. Okita T,, Kanamoń S. (1971) Determination of trace concentration of ammonia in the atmosphere using pyridine-pyrazolone reagent. Atmos. Environ. 5, 62I-62] .
- 63. Pitts R.F, (1971) The role of ammonia production and excretion in regulation of acid-base balance. N. Engl. J, Med. 284,32-38.
- 64. Pits J.N., Grosjean D. (1976) Detailed characterization of gaseous and size-resolved particulate pollutants at a south coast air basin smog receptor site; levels and modes of formation of sulfate, nitrate and organic particulates and thei implications for control startegies. Riverside california, statewide Air pollution Research center.
- 65. PriceS.K. (1983) Fatal ammonia inhalation: a case report with autopsy findings. S. Afr. Med. J.64,952-955 [cyt. za ATSDR 1990].
- 66. Prokopieva A.S., Yushkov G.G., Ubasheev LO. (1973) [Materials for a ristic of the one-time effect of ammonia on the organs of animals after Tr. Prof. Zabol. I7,56-57.
- 67. Reynolds S.J. i in. (1996). Longitudinal evaluation of dose-response relationship for environmental exposures and pulmonary function in swine production workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 29,33-40,
- 68. Richard D., Bonley G., Bondene C,L. (1978) Acute toxicity of ammonia gas in the rabbit by inhalation. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, SerD 287,375-318.
- 69. Richard D., Bonley G., Bondene C.L, (1978) [Effect of continuous inhalation of ammonia in the rat and mouse.] Bull. Europ. Physiopath, Resp. 14,573-582 |cyt. za ATSDR 1990].
- 70. Richards P. i in. (1975) The incorporation of ammonia nitrogen into albumin in man: the effects of diet, uremia and growth hormone. Clin. Nephrol. 3, 172-I79.
- 71. Ruth J.H. (1986) Odor thresholds and irritation levels of several chemical substances: a review. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.47, A142-A151.
- 72. Schaerdel A,D. i in. (1983) Localized and systemic effects of environmental ammonia in rats. Lab. Anim, Sci.33, 40-45.
- 73. Siegel P.D. i in. (1997) Adjuvant effect of respiratory irritation on pulmonary allergic sensitisatioń: time and site dependency. Toxicol. Applied. Pharmacol. L44,356-362.
- 74. Silverman L, Wittenber7er J.L., Muller J. (1949) Physiological response of man to ammonia in low concentrations. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 3I,74-78 [cyt. za ATSDR].
- 75. Sobonya R. (1977) Fatal anhydrous ammonia inhalation. Hum. Pathol. 8,293. 299.
- 76. Spinazolla A. i in. (1966) Study of the behaviore of some volatile toxic substances as an index of air pollution in the city of Cagligari. Folia Med. 49, 64I-648.
- 77. Stombaugh D.P,, Teague H.S., Roller W,L. (1969) Effects of atmospheric ammonia on the pig. J. Anim. Sci. 28, 844-84].
- 78. Targowski S.P. i in. (1984) Effect of ammonia on in vivo and in vitro immune responses. Infect. Immun. 43, 289-293.
- 79. Tepper J.S., Weiss B., Wood R,W. (1985) Alternations in behavior produced by inhaled ozone or ammonia. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 5, 1 1 10-1 1 18.
- 80. Urbain B. i in. (1994) Quantitative assessment of aerial ammonia toxicity to the nasal mucosa by use of the nasal lavage method in pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55, 1335-1340.
- 81. Urbain B, i in. (1996) A morphometric and functional study of the toxicity of atmospheric ammonia in the extrathoracic airways in pigs, Vet. Res. Commun. 20,38I-399.
- 82. Van Aalst R. M. Atmospheric process and deposition. Ministry of agriculture and fisheries, ministry of housing, physical planning and elvironment. Raport nr 84.
- 83. Verberk M.M. (I9]1) Effects of ammonia in volunteers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 39,73-8I.
- 84. Vitti T.G,, Vulłnirovich R., Gaebler O.H. (,!964) Utilization of ammonia nitrogen, administered by intragastric, intrapeńtoneal, and subcutaneous routes: effects of growth hormone. Arch. Biochim. Biophys. 106, 47 5-482.
- 85. Warren K.S., Schenker S. (1964) Effect of an inhibitor of glutamine synthesis (methionine sulfoximine) on ammonia toxicity and metabolism. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 64,442-449.
- 86. Weedon F.R., Hartzell A,, Setterstrom C. (1940) Toxicity of ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfphide, and sulphur dioxide gases V, animals. Cont. Boyce Thompson lnst. 1 1, 365-385 |cyt. zaATSDR 1990].
- 87. Weatherby J.H. (1952) Chronic toxicity of ammonia fumes by inhalation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 81, 300-301.
- 88. White E.S. (I97L) A case of near fatal ammonia gas poisoning. J. Occup. Med, 13, 549-550,
- 89. WHO, World Health Organization (1986) Environmental health criteria 54. Ammonia. Geneva, Switzerland.
- 90. Yadav J.S., Kaushik V.K. (1997) Genotoxic effect of ammonia exposure on workers in a fertilizer factory.Indian. J. Exp. Biol, 35, 487-492.
- 91. Yang G.Y., Tominack R.S,, Deng J.F. (1987) An industrial mass ammonia exposure. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 29, 47 6-47 7 [abstrakt].
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-5cd4ecad-bb32-4de0-8682-aaf53de6e36d