Życie towarzyszące naturalnym, powierzchniowym wyciekom węglowodorów

• Autorzy: Brzeszcz Joanna , Kapusta Piotr

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.18668/NG.2021.10.03

Warianty tytułu

EN

Life at natural hydrocarbon seeps

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Swobodne migracje węglowodorów związane są z ciągłym rozpraszaniem tych związków ze stref ich nagromadzeń i zachodzą w warunkach silnej erozji skał uszczelniających oraz wysokiej porowatości skał zbiornikowych. Opisywane zjawiska występują zarówno w środowisku morskim, jak i lądowym, przyjmując różne formy. Morskie wypływy, zwane zimnymi wysiękami (ang. cold seeps), występują m.in. w postaci powierzchniowych wycieków gazu i/lub ropy, jezior solankowych, wulkanów asfaltowych oraz błotnych. Z kolei na lądzie migracje ujawniają się jako jeziora ropy, smoliste, naskalne naloty bitumiczne, przesiąknięta ropą gleba, wycieki gazowe oraz wulkany błotne. Uważa się, że prawie każdy basen naftowy zawiera obecnie tysiące aktywnych wycieków ropy. Blisko 50% ropy przedostającej się do mórz i oceanów ma pochodzenie nieantropogeniczne. Pomimo toksyczności niektórych węglowodorów chronicznie skażone miejsca zasiedlane są przez różnorodne grupy organizmów, począwszy od prostych jednokomórkowych bakterii po złożone organizmy wyższe. Bakterie stanowią kluczowy element umożliwiający funkcjonowanie takich ekosystemów. W tym aspekcie olbrzymie znaczenie mają zdolności metaboliczne niektórych bakterii ukierunkowane na węglowodory, gdyż umożliwiają one całkowitą mineralizację tych substancji lub przekształcenie ich w produkty charakteryzujące się mniejszą toksycznością. W środowisku morskim procesy te w większości zachodzą w warunkach beztlenowych, zaś w środowisku lądowym większą wagę należy przypisać procesom tlenowym. Wydaje się, że zależności symbiotyczne z takimi mikroorganizmami dla organizmów wyższych są niezwykle cenne, ponieważ umożliwiają im zajmowanie tych ekstremalnych środowisk. W przypadku morskich wycieków należy również zwrócić uwagę na bakterie chemosyntetyzujące, które wykorzystując metan oraz siarkowodór, wytwarzają substancje odżywcze (węglowodany) na potrzeby organizmu gospodarza, np. małży z rodzin Lucinidae, Mytilidae, Solemyidae, Thyasiridae, Vesicomyidae. W niniejszym artykule starano się przedstawić złożoność i niezwykłość różnorodnych form życia, które występują w środowisku długotrwale skażonym substancjami ropopochodnymi

EN

Natural hydrocarbon migration means permanent hydrocarbon dispersion from their accumulation zones. These compounds escape along permeable migration pathways, or across them through fractures and faults in the cap rock, or directly from an outcrop of oilbearing rock. Hydrocarbon seepages occur both in marine and terrestrial environments, but in various forms. Marine seepages, termed as cold seeps, may appear as gas bubbles, oil plums, brine pools and basins, as well as asphalt or mud volcanoes. In turn, terrestrial seeps may manifest as lakes of crude oil, tarry, rocky bituminous deposits, oil soaked soil, gas seeps and mud volcanoes. It is believed that almost every oil basin has thousand active oil seeps. Almost 50% of crude oil entering seas and oceans has non-anthropogenic origins. In spite of some hydrocarbon toxicity, permanently oil-exposed sites are habitats of diverse groups of organisms; from unicellular bacteria to more complex, higher organisms. Bacteria are the key players for the proper functioning of ecosystems connected with hydrocarbon seeps. In this context, bacterial metabolic capabilities towards some hydrocarbons are of great importance since microorganisms may totally mineralize or transform these substances to less toxic products. In the marine seeps these processes occur under anaerobic conditions, while aerobic hydrocarbon conversion is more important in terrestrial environments. The symbiosis with such microbes seems to be valuable for higher organisms, as it allows them to occupy such extreme environments. In case of marine seeps, attention should be also paid to chemosynthetic bacteria that use methane or hydrogen sulfide to produce nutrients (carbohydrates) for host organism i.e. bivalve families such as Lucinidae, Mytilidae, Solemyidae, Thyasiridae, Vesicomyidae. In this article, we tried to present the complexity, biodiversity and uniqueness of various life forms which exist in the chronically hydrocarbon-contaminated environment.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

naturalne wycieki węglowodorów; ropa naftowa; środowisko gruntowo-wodne; środowisko morskie; mikroorganizmy

EN

natural hydrocarbon seeps; crude oil; soil environment; marine environment; microorganisms

• Wydawca: Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Nafta-Gaz
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: R. 77, nr 10
• Strony: 641--656
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 71 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Brzeszcz Joanna

• Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy

autor

Kapusta Piotr

• Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy

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Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).