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Investigating the effectiveness of organic binders as an alternative to bentonite in the pelletization of low grade iron ore

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Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Bentonite is the traditionally used binder in iron ore pelletization. However, it consists of up to 85% silica and alumina which are undesired acidic gangue in iron-making. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and cornstarch were used as acidic gangue-free organic alternatives to bentonite in synthesizing iron pellets. Iron ore, water and the corresponding binder were mixed and rolled in a pelletizing disk to form green pellets. The green pellets were dried and subsequently indurated in a furnace at 1200 ℃ to form indurated pellets. To evaluate the effectiveness of the organic binders, the pellets produced were tested on various pellet properties. Known industrial pellet property standards and the bentonite binder were used as references. Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and corn starch produced green pellets with average drop numbers of 7.20 ± 0.84, 5.60 ± 0.89 and 6.00 ± 1.00 respectively, compared to bentonite’s 5.00 ± 0.71. Dry pellets of average compressive strength 5.93 ± 0.09, 5.86 ± 0.03 and 11.52 ± 0.18 kg/pellet were produced by carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and corn starch respectively while bentonite’s averaged 5.60 ± 0.08 kg/pellet. For indurated pellets, carboxymethyl cellulose (210.2 ± 1.88 kg/pellet) and sodium lignosulfonate (198.1 ± 2.49 kg/pellet) pellets were weaker than those of bentonite (250.4 ± 2.06 kg/pellet) but satisfied the industrial requirement of 181.4 kg/pellet. A boron oxide additive (0.1 wt. %) was used to boost the strength of carboxymethyl cellulose indurated pellets to 252.6 ± 1.32 kg/pellet, rendering them superior to those of bentonite.
Rocznik
Strony
art. no. 176094
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 25 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
  • Department of Mining Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
  • Department of Mining Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
  • Department of Mining Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
  • Process and Technology Innovation Tanics Resources, Tshwane, South Africa
Bibliografia
  • AGGARWAL, P., DOLLIMORE, D., 1999. A method of comparison between corn starch and its products using thermal analysis. Instrumentation Science & Technology, 27(3), 191-197.
  • BRITTO, D., ASSIS, O. B. G., 2009. Thermal degradation of carboxymethyl cellulose in different salty forms. Thermochimica Acta, Volume 494, pp. 115-122.
  • DEVASAHAYAM, S., 2018. A novel iron ore pelletization for increased strength under ambient conditions. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Volume 17, 1-27.
  • EISELE, T. C., KAWATRA, S. K., 2003. A review of binders in iron ore pelletization. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 24(1), 1-90.
  • HALT, J. A., KAWATRA, S. K., 2014. Review of organic binders for iron ore concentrate agglomeration. Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 31(2), 73-94.
  • HALT, J. A., KAWATRA, S. K., 2017. Can modified starch be used as a binder for iron ore pellets? Minerals and Extractive Metallurgy review, 38(2), 73-82.
  • KAWATRA, S. K., CLAREMBOUX, V., 2022. Iron ore pelletization: part I. fundamentals. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 43(4), 1-16.
  • KAWATRA, S. K., HALT, J. A., 2011. Binding effects in hematite and magnetite concentrates. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 99, 39-42.
  • KAWATRA, S.K. (2018). New Paradigms for Iron Ore Pelletization. In: Davis, B., et al. Extraction 2018. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_76
  • KOTTA, A. B., KARAK, S. K., KUMAR, M., 2017. Characterization of iron ore pellets with dextrin added organic binders under different time and temperature conditions. Materials and Science Engineering, 178, 1-12.
  • KUMAR, S., SUMAN, S. K., 2018. Compressive strength of fired pellets using organic binder: response surface approach for analyzing the performance. Metallurgy Materials Engineering, 71, 1-6.
  • LU, S., YUAN, Z., ZHANG, C., 2018. Binding mechanisms of polysaccharides adsorbing onto magnetite concentrate surface. Powder Technology, Volume 340, 17-25.
  • MORAES, S. L., BAPTISTA, J. R., RIBEIRO, T. R., 2018a. Iron Ore Pelletizing Process: An Overview. Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials, Volume 3, 41-60.
  • MORAES, S. L., BAPTISTA, J. R., FERREIRA, J. B., 2018b. Effects of colloidal agents in iron ore pelletizing. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 39(6), 1-7.
  • MOURÃO, J.M., PATEL, N., HUERTA, M., CAMERON, I. AND PEREIRA, R., 2013. Comparison of sinter and pellet usage in an integrated steel plant. In Proceedings of the 43rd Ironmaking and Raw Materials Seminar, 12th Brazilian Symposium on Iron Ore and 1st Brazilian Symposium on Agglomeration of Iron Ore, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (pp. 1-4).
  • PAL, J., 2018. Innovative development on agglomeration of iron ore fines and iron oxide wastes. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 40(4), 1-18.
  • Schmitt, J., 2005. A method for improving the process and quality of iron ore pellets made with organic binders. In 66th Annual University of Minnesota Mining Symposium, April (19-20).
  • SIVRIKAYA, O., AROL, A. I., 2013b. The effect of calcined colemanite addition on the mechanical strength of magnetite pellets produced with organic binders. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Volume 34, 210-222.
  • SIVRIKAYA, O., AROL, A. I., 2010. Use of boron compounds as binders in iron ore pelletization. The Open Mineral Processing Journal, 3, 25-35.
  • SIVRIKAYA, O., AROL, A. I., 2012. The bonding/strengthening mechanism of colemanite added organic binders in iron ore pelletization. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 110-111, 90-100.
  • SIVRIKAYA, O., AROL, A. I., 2013a. Method to improve preheated and fired strengths of hematite pellets using boron compounds with organic binders. Iron and Steelmaking, 40(1), 1-8.
  • SIVRIKAYA, O., AROL, A. I., 2014. Alternative binders to bentonite for iron ore pelletizing-part 1: effects on physical and mechanical properties. Holos, 3(30), 94-103.
  • SRIVASTAVA, U., KAWATRA, S. K., EISELE, T. C., 2013. Study of organic and inorganic binders on strength of iron oxide pellets. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 44B, 1000-1009.
  • SUN, Y., ZHU, X., HAN, Y., LI, Y., GAO, P., 2020. Iron recovery from refractory limonite ore using suspension magnetization roasting: a pilot scale study, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 261, 1-9.
  • ZHU, D., PAN, J., LU, L., HOLMES, R. J., 2015. Iron ore pelletization. Mineralogy, Processing and Environmental Sustainability, Volume 15, 436-473.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-5ca15364-35e1-4efe-b961-070a5be2ec5b
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