Guerre à la Carte: Cyber, Information, Cognitive Warfare and the Metaverse

Marsili, Marco

doi:10.5604/01.3001.0053.7402

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Guerre à la Carte: Cyber, Information, Cognitive Warfare and the Metaverse

Autorzy

Marsili Marco

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0053.7402

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Hybrid warfare is currently among the most trending topics. Hybrid threats arise in digital, cybernetic, and virtual environments and materialise in the real world. Despite being a somewhat vague term, hybrid activities include cyberwarfare, information warfare, and the emerging and evolving concept of cognitive warfare which appears from their intersection. These buzzwords gained popular attention in the context of the Russo- -Ukrainian conflict and such terms are now in vogue. Even though these topics are in the spotlight, there is also widespread confusion about what exactly these usages mean and what the implications are in branding them as “warfare”. Indeed, all these concepts are fluid, nebulous, and lack an undisputed legal definition. This article aims to clarify their meaning and to shed light on the characteristics of such terms – differences, similarities and overlaps – in the context of hybrid warfare and show the faulty reasoning upon which misunderstandings are based. The paper concludes with a glimpse into the future, closing with a reflection on multi-domain operations facilitated by a fully integrated human- -computer interaction in the metaverse, where physical reality is merged and interacts with digital virtuality.

Słowa kluczowe

international humanitarian law metaverse warfare

międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne metaświat działania wojenne

Wydawca

NASK – National Research Institute

Czasopismo

Applied Cybersecurity & Internet Governance

Rocznik

2023

Tom

Vol. 2, No. 1

Strony

1--11

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 44 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Marsili Marco

marco_marsili@iscte-iul.pt

Department of Philosophy and Cultural Heritage, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Italy
Center for Research and Development, Military University Institute, Portugal

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1848-9775

Bibliografia

1. Sun Tzŭ, The Art of War. London: Luzac & Co., 1910.
2. C. von Clausewitz, On War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
3. B. Schuurman, “Clausewitz and the ‘New Wars’ Scholars,” The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters,vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 89–100, 2010, doi: 10.55540/0031-1723.2515.
4. M. Kaldor, “Elaborating the ‘New War’ Thesis,” in Re-thinking the Nature of War, I. Duyvesteyn, J. Angstrom,Eds. New York: Frank Cass, 2005, pp. 210–224.
5. L. Freedman, “War Evolves into the Fourth Generation: A Comment on Thomas X. Hammes,” in GlobalInsurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict: Debating Fourth-Generation Warfare, T. Terriff, A. Karp, R. Karp,Eds. New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 78–86.
6. M. Evans, “Elegant Irrelevance Revisited: A Critique of Fourth Generation Warfare,” in Global Insurgency andthe Future of Armed Conflict: Debating Fourth-Generation Warfare, T. Terriff, A. Karp, R. Karp, Eds. New York:Routledge, 2008, pp. 67–74.
7. M. Marsili, “The War on Cyberterrorism,” Democracy and Security, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 172–199, 2019,doi: 10.1080/17419166.2018.
8. M. M. Marsili, “Hybrid Warfare: Above or Below the Threshold of Armed Conflict?,” HSZ-HDR, vol. 150, no.1–2, pp. 36–48, 2023, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7557494.
9. M. Marsili, “The Russian Influence Strategy in Its Contested Neighbourhood,” in The Russian Federationin Global Information Warfare. Influence Operations in Europe and Its Neighborhood, H. Mölder, V. Sazonov,A. Chochia, T. Kerikmäe, Eds. Cham: Springer, 2021, pp. 149–172, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-73955-3_8.
10. C.S. Gray, “The Changing Nature of Warfare?,” Naval War College Review, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 7–22, 1996.
11. M.L.R. Smith, “Strategy in the age of ‘low-intensity’ warfare: why Clausewitz is still more relevant than hiscritics,” in Re-thinking the Nature of War, I. Duyvesteyn, J. Angstrom, Eds. New York: Frank Cass, 2005, pp. 28–64.
12. M. van Creveld, On Future War. London: Brassey’s, 1991.
13. M. Marsili, “From Battlefield to Political Arena. Shifting the Clausewitzian Paradigm,” Political Reflection,vol. 7, no. 2 (issue 27), pp. 19–25, 2021, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4554695.
14. U.S. Department of the Army, Field Manual 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Army, 18 July 1956, as modified by Change No. 1, 15 July 1976.
15. U.S. Department of the Air Force, Air Force Pamphlet 110-31, International Law – The Conduct of ArmedConflict and Air Operations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Air Force, 1976.
16. U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of NavalOperations, NWP 1-14M/MCTP 11-10B/ COMDTPUB P5800.7A. Department of the Navy, Office of the Chiefof Naval Operations and Headquarters, US Marine Corps, and Department of Homeland Security, U.S. CoastGuard, Edition March 2022.
17. NATO (2023, Apr. 4). NATO’s response to hybrid threats. [Online]. Available: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm. [Accessed: Apr. 7, 2023].
18. Heads of State and Government. (2016, July 9). Warsaw Summit Communiqué. [Online]. Available: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm. [Accessed: Apr. 18, 2023].
19. Heads of State and Government. (2021, June 14). Brussels Summit Communiqué. [Online]. Available:https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm. [Accessed: Apr. 18, 2023].
20. U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010, Sep. 10). Hybrid Warfare, GAO-10-1036R. [Online].Available: https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-10-1036r. [Accessed: Apr. 17, 2023].
21. A. Matuszczyk, Creative Stratagems: Creative and Systems Thinking in Handling Social Conflict. Kibworth:Modern Society Publishing, 2012.
22. M.M. Marsili, “Propaganda and International Relations: An Outlook in Wartime,” ArtCiencia.com, no. 19, pp.1–26, 2015, doi: 10.25770/artc.11095.
23. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). JP 3-13, Information Operations (Joint Publication 3-13), Incorporating Change1, 20 November 2014. Washington, DC: JCS, 27 November 2012.
24. U.S. Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). (2018, Dec. 6). The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028 [Online]. Available: https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf. [Accessed: Apr. 20, 2023].
25. U.S. Marine Corps, Information, MCDP 8. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, 2022.
26. M. Marsili, “COVID-19 Infodemic: Fake News, Real Censorship. Information and Freedom of Expression inTime of Coronavirus,” Europea, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 147–170, 2020, doi: 10.4399/97888255402468.
27. K. Cao, S. Glaister, A. Pena, D. Rhee, W. Rong, A. Rovalino, S. Bishop, R. Khanna, J. Singh Saini. (2021, May20). Countering cognitive warfare: awareness and resilience, NATO Review. [Online]. Available: https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/05/20/countering-cognitive-warfare-awareness-and-resilience/index.html.[Accessed: Apr. 8, 2023].
28. R. Núñez, M. Allen, R. Gao et al., “What happened to cognitive science?,” Nat Hum Behav, vol. 3, pp.782–791, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41562-019-0626-2.
29. P. Thagard. (1996). Cognitive Science. [Online]. Available: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/cognitive-science/. [Accessed: July 4, 2023].
30. A.L. Samuel, “Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers,” IBM J. Res. Dev., vol. 3, no.3, 1959, pp. 210–229, doi: 10.1147/rd.33.0210.
31. A.M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind, vol. 59, no. 236, pp. 433–460, 1959, doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
32. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). JP 3-04, Information in Joint Operations (Joint Publication 3-04). Washington,DC: JCS, 2022.
33. NATO ACT. (2022, Mar. 29). The Alliance’s Warfare Development Agenda: Achieving a 20-yearTransformation. [Online]. Available: https://www.act.nato.int/articles/wda-achieving-20-year-transformation.[Accessed: Apr. 16, 2023].
34. NATO ACT. NATO Warfighting Capstone Concept (NWCC). [Online]. Available: https://www.act.nato.int/nwcc. [Accessed: Apr. 16, 2023].
35. NATO. (2022, Oct. 3). Military Committee. [Online]. Available: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49633.htm. [Accessed: Apr. 20, 2023].
36. M. Marsili, “Shaping the Holistic Concept of Multi-Domain in a Legal Vacuum. A Tricky Issue”. II EncontroAnual da Investigação & Desenvolvimento em Ciências Militares (EAI&DCM2019), 2019, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3473959.
37. HQ Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate. (2022, Sep. 29).Cognitive Warfare (CW) Initial Validation Planning Workshop 27–28 October 2022, ACT/SPP/CNDV/TT-4563/SER:NU.
38. NATO STO. HFM-361 on Mitigating and responding to cognitive warfare. [Online]. Available: https://events.sto.nato.int/index.php/event-summary/event/17-symposium/507-hfm-361-on-mitigating-and-respondingto-cognitive-warfare. [Accessed: July 4, 2023].
39. N. Stephenson, Snow Crash. New York: Bantam Books, 1992.
40. S. Mystakidis, “Metaverse,” Encyclopedia, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 486–497, 2022, doi: 10.3390/encyclopedia2010031.
41. Gartner. Internet Of Things (iot). [Online]. Available: https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/internet-of-things. [Accessed: July 4, 2023].
42. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), JP 3-0, Joint Operations (Joint Publication 3-0). Washington, DC: JCS, 2022.
43. Istituto di ricerca e analisi della difesa - IRAD (2023, May 24). Avviso Esito Pubblico Ricerche 2023.[Online]. Available: https://irad.difesa.it/Comunicazione/Dettaglio/17. [Accessed: July 4, 2023].
44. M. Marsili, “Epidermal Systems and Virtual Reality: Emerging Disruptive Technology for MilitaryApplications,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 839, pp. 93–101, 2021, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.893.93.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-5c96d249-bc35-41b9-ae7a-4435c65a1aae