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Climate change and its consequences, including rising ocean temperature and sea level rise are well scientifically documented. The changes are especially severe for coastal communities, which are estimated to have reached c. 50% of the world’s population. Using an example of the Gulf of Gdansk region, which is of European importance, due to the presence of two major Baltic ports and global tourism, we explore, how sea related threats may affect the region and we analyse how the three major cities are prepared to these threats. The four city developmental strategies and an additional document, an “umbrella strategy” focusing on climate change threats do not consider sea level rise and more frequent storm surges as threats. The sea level rise is briefly discussed in the fourth document. The adaptation plan, an appendix to the document, mentions sea level rise, but the discussion of the problem is indirect and involves some examples of adaptation actions in loosely similar environmental conditions. The adaptation plan, in fact includes a list of possible threats, rather than a detailed discussion of the suggestions of the measures to be undertaken. For comparison, we present a multilevel approach, which is effectively run in the Port of Rotterdam and argue that such approach should be undertaken in the studied region. We conclude that despite years of education on climate change, the problem is still not recognised and is underrepresented in practical measures of the studied region. We also provide hints on how to overcome this situation.
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
208--215
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 37 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
autor
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
autor
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
Bibliografia
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- Brown, S. and Nicholls, J.R. (2015) “Subsidence and human influences in mega deltas: The case of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna,” Science of the Total Environment, 527–528, pp. 362–374. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.124.
- Busch, H., Bendlin, L. and Fenton, P. (2018) “Shaping local response – The influence of transnational municipal climate networks on urban climate governance,” Urban Climate, 24, pp. 221–230. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.03.004.
- Chee, S.Y. et al. (2017) “Land reclamation and artificial islands: Walking the tightrope between development and conservation,” Global Ecology and Conservation, 12, pp. 80–95. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2017.08.005.
- Climate Central (no date) Coastal risk screening tool. Princeton: Climate Central Inc. Available at: https://coastal.climatecentral.org (Accessed: May 27, 2023).
- Donatti, C.I. et al. (2020) “Indicators to measure the climate change adaptation outcomes of ecosystem-based adaptation,” Climatic Change, 158, pp. 413–433. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02565-9.
- Dumała, H. et al. (2021) “Transnational municipal networks as a mechanism in the marine governance towards climate change adaptation and mitigation: Between potential and practice,” Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 626119. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.626119.
- Dupuis, J. and Biesbroek, R. (2013) “Comparing apples and oranges: the dependent variable problem in comparing and evaluating climate change adaptation policies,” Global Environmental Change, 23(6), pp. 1476–1487. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.022.
- Ekovert (2021) Diagnoza adaptacji i mitygacji do zmian klimatu Obszaru Metropolitalnego Gdańsk Gdynia Sopot. Opracowano na zlecenie Obszaru Metropolitalnego Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot [Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Changes for the Gdansk, Gdynia Sopot Metropoly]. Wrocław: Ekovert Łukasz Szkudlarek. Available at: https://www.metropoliagdansk.pl/upload/files/DIAGNOZA_ADAPTACJI_I_MITYGACJI_DO_ZMIAN_KLIMATU_OMGGS_PROJEKT(1).pdf (Accessed: June 25, 2023).
- Hallegatte, S. et al. (2013) “Future flood losses in major coastal cities,” Nature Climate Change, 3, pp. 802–806. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1979.
- Heikkinen, M. et al. (2020) “Transnational municipal networks and climate change adaptation: A study of 377 cities,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, 120474. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120474.
- IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. Geneva.
- IPCC (2018) “Summary for policymakers,” in V. Masson-Delmotte et al. (eds.) Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.001.
- IPCC (2019) “Summary for policymakers,” in H.-O. Pörtner et al. (eds.) IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: USA: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–35. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.001.
- Kotyńska-Zielińska, I. et al. (2020) “Perception of Arctic issues among young learners in Poland and Lithuania,” Oceanologia, 62(4), P. B, pp. 576–587. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2020.03.006.
- Kulp, S.A. and Strauss, B.H. (2019) “New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding,” Nature Communications, 10, 4844. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z.
- Lincke, D. and Hinkel, J. (2018) “Economically robust protection against 21st century sea-level rise,” Global Environmental Change, 51, pp. 67–73. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.05.003.
- Luijendijk, A. et al. (2018) “The state of the world’s beaches,” Scientific Reports, 8(1), 6641. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24630-6.
- Nauels, A. et al. (2017) “Linking sea level rise and socioeconomic indicators under the shared socioeconomic pathways,” Environmental Research Letters, 12, 114002. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa92b6.
- Pikner, T. et al. (2022) “Sociocultural dimension of land–sea interactions in maritime spatial planning: Three case studies in the Baltic Sea region,” Sustainability, 14, 2194. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042194.
- Port Gdańsk (2022) The Gdańsk Port moved up to second place in the ranking of Baltic Sea ports. Gdańsk: Port Gdańsk. Available at: https://www.portgdansk.pl/en/events/the-gdansk-port-moved-up-to-second-place-in-the-ranking-of-baltic-sea-ports/ (Accessed: June 21, 2023).
- Port of Rotterdam (no date a) Adaptation strategy for flood risk management port of Rotterdam. [Online]. Available at: https://www.portofrotterdam.com/sites/default/files/2023-04/adaptation-strategy-for-flood-risk-management-port-of-rotterdam.pdf (Accessed: June 20, 2023).
- Port of Rotterdam (no date b) Flood risk management. Prepare for Floyd risk. Rotterdam: Port of Rotterdam. Available at: https://www. portofrotterdam.com/en/building-port/safe-port/flood-risk-an-agement (Accessed: June 21, 2023).
- Reguero, B. et al. (2018) “Comparing the cost effectiveness of nature-based and coastal adaptation: A case study from the Gulf Coast of the United States,” PloS One, 13(4), e0192132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192132.
- Stronkhorst, J. et al. (2018) “Regional coastal erosion assessment based on global open access data: A case study for Colombia,” Journal of Coastal Conservation, 22, pp. 787–798. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-018-0609-x.
- UN Atlas of the Oceans (no date) UN Atlas of the Oceans. Available at: http://www.oceansatlas.org/ (Accessed: June 20, 2023).
- UNEP (2019a) Annual report 2018. Putting the environment at the heart of people’s lives. United Nations Environment Programme. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27689/AR2018_EN.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Accessed: June 20, 2023).
- UNEP (2019b) Programme performance report 2018. United Nations Environment Programme. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27734/PPR_2018_FINAL.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Accessed: 07 03, 2023).
- UNEP (2020) Climate adaptation. United Nations Environment Programme. Available at: https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/climate-change/what-we-do/climate-adaptation (Accessed: July 03, 2023).
- Urząd Miasta Sopotu (2014) Sopot – tu spełniasz marzenia. Strategia Miasta Sopotu 2014–2020 [Sopot – here you make your dreams come true. Strategy of the City of Sopot]. Sopot: Urząd Miasta Sopotu.
- Woodruff, S. and Stults, M. (2016) “Numerous strategies but limited implementation guidance in US local adaptation plans,” Nature Climate Change, 6, pp. 796–802. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE3012.
- Wright, L.D. and Wu, W. (2019) “Pearl River delta and Guangzhou (Canton) China,” in L. Wright and C. Nichols (eds.) Tomorrow’s coasts: Complex and impermanent. Cham: Springer, pp. 193–205. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75453-6_12
- Young, I. R. and Ribal, A. (2019) “Multiplatform evaluation of global trends in wind speed and wave height,” Science, 364(6440), pp. 548–552. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav9527.
- Załącznik (2014) Załącznik do Uchwały Nr LVII/1327/14 Rady Miasta Gdańska z dnia 25 września 2014 r. Gdańsk 2030 Plus Strategia Rozwoju Miasta [Annex to Resolution No. LVII/1327/14 of the Gdansk City Council of September 25, 2014. Gdansk 2030 Plus City Development Strategy]. Gdańsk: Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku. Available at: https://baw.bip.gdansk.pl/UrzadMiejskiwGdansku/document/529012/Uchwa%25c5%2582a-LVII_1327_14 (Accessed: June 21, 2023).
- Załącznik (2017) Załącznik do Uchwały Nr XXXI/768/17 Rady Miasta Gdyni z dnia 26 kwietnia 2017 r. Strategia Rozwoju Miasta Gdyni 2030 [Annex to Resolution No. XXXI/768/17 of the Gdynia City Council of April 26, 2017. Gdynia City Development Strategy 2030]. Gdynia: Urząd Miasta Gdyni. Available at: http://2030.gdynia.pl/cms/fck/uploaded/strategia%20rozwoju%20miasta%20gdyni%202030_uchwala%20nr%20xxxi.768.17.pdf (Accessed: June 17, 2023).
- Załącznik (2022) Załącznik do uchwały Rady Miasta Sopotu nr XL/685/2022 z dnia 22 grudnia 2022. Strategia Rozwoju Miasta Sopotu na lata 2022–2030 projekt 2.0 [Annex to the resolution of the Sopot City Council No. XL/685/2022 of December 22, 2022. Sopot City Development Strategy for 2022–2030 project 2.0]. Sopot: Urząd Miasta Sopotu. Available at: https://bip.sopot.pl/m,58,strategia-rozwoju-miasta.html (Accessed: June 20, 2023).
- Zielinski, T. et al. (2016) “Impact of wild forest fires in Eastern Europe on aerosol composition and particle optical properties,” Oceanologia, 58(1), pp. 13–24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2015.07.005.
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2024).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-58d9b7a1-7e5f-4601-9b83-c0ded308ee28