Quality Assessment of Braille Dots Printed by Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Technology

• Autorzy: Żołek-Tryznowska Zuzanna , Brzezińska Zuzanna , Bednarczyk Ewa

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12913/22998624/191928

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Braille is a universal tactile writing system for the blind and visually impaired. Braille can be printed in several ways, including embossing, screen, or UV ink-jet printing. In this study, we propose to use three-dimensional, 3D, printing technology to print dots of the Braille alphabet. The 3D model was designed with CAD software and then overprinted with Fused Deposition Modelling, FDM, technology with polylactide filament. Then, the quality of braille dots was assessed according to the standard for Braille. The estimated height (0.5 mm) and diameter (1.3 mm) for Braille dot were not achieved for the designed model. The measured values of the Braille dots were 0.38±0.03 mm and 1.0±0.07 for the height and diameter, respectively. The dot quality was assessed with an optical microscope. The distribution and location of the Braille can be acceptable, but the reproduction of dot shape, curvature, and dimensions is not compatible with the standard for Braille dots. Despite that, Braille is readable, and FDM can be a cheap solution to develop customized and unique plates with Braille imitating conventional Braille dots embossed in cardboard.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

3D printing; blind; visually impaired; Braille; FDM

• Wydawca: Lublin University of Technology ; Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE), Branch of PTIE in Lublin
• Czasopismo: Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 18, no 6
• Strony: 321--330
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 52 poz., fig., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Żołek-Tryznowska Zuzanna

• 321 INTRODUCTION At least 2.2 billion people worldwide have a vi- sion impairment or blindness [1]. The number of blind and visually impaired people is still increas- ing. Braille is a universal tactile writing system used by the blind in which a three-dimensional, 3D, dot-based script allows reading characters without the use of light or the sense of sight. Unlike clas- sical writing, individual alphabet characters are convex and can be read by touching the fingertips. Louis Braille (1809–1852) invented the writing system that bears his name, the Braille or the Braille writing system [2]. This system could be “read” by touching with fingers [3]. In Braille, the sign com- prises up to six dots arranged in two columns and three rows, corresponding to the appropriate letters or other characters [4]. By combining one or more dots in various positions, 64 combinations can be designed, creating letters, numbers, punctuation, mathematics characters, etc. [5]. According to the European Union directive, all pharmaceutical prod- ucts must be labelled with Braille since 2005 [6]. Braille can be printed in several ways. The most common way is to emboss Braille dots on card- board or paper of higher grammar. This method requires the preparation of an embossing matrix for each industrial product. Less often, other printing techniques are used for Braille labelling, i.e., screen printing and digital printing [7, 8]. Digital printing can be used for “short runs” because only a digital file must be prepared without preparing an emboss- ing matrix or screen for a single pattern. UV ink- jet printing can print small elements such as Braille dots [9]. For short or single personalized runs, vari- ous 3D printing can be adapted. Additive manufacturing, AM, has advanced rapidly in recent years [10]. AM can be divided into groups depending on the type of material used, the initial state of aggregation, the method of Quality Assessment of Braille Dots Printed by Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Technology Zuzanna Żołek-Tryznowska1*, Zuzanna Brzezińska1, Ewa Bednarczyk1 1 Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-4018

autor

Brzezińska Zuzanna

• Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Bednarczyk Ewa

• Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3401-7543

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