Long-term dynamics, distribution, and protection of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber in Poland

• Autorzy: Paderewski Jakub , Sienkiewicz-Paderewska Dorota

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/jwld.2025.153528

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) has achieved remarkable success in rebuilding its population in Europe, increasing its numbers and range from 1955 to the present. Data on the C. fiber abundance in Poland have been collected by the Central Statistical Office since 1960, and since 2000 they have also been available divided into voivodships. We subjected these data to statistical analysis, including chi-square tests, broken-line regression, and correspondence analysis. Biplots, charts of population dynamics, and distribution maps were created. It was also examined whether there is a relation between the density of the C. fiber population in Poland and the presence of standing or flowing waters, forest and shrub land, ponds, ditches and the proportion of meadows and pastures in each voivodship. The C. fiber population in Poland grew between 1960 and 2023. The geometric mean of the annual data showed an average increase of 10.99% per year. Furthermore, four distinct time intervals were identified within the C. fiber population dynamics, each exhibiting a distinct statistical trend: the initial interval, spanning from 1960 to 1975, demonstrated an average increase of approximately 6.9% per year, 15.6% per year in the period 1976-2002, 9.3% in 2003-2016 and 3.8% after. The largest increase occurred in the eastern and north-western Poland, while the smallest number of beavers is found in the central part of the country (in the north-south direction). The C. fiber population was negatively affected by standing surface waters and drainage ditches, while flowing surface waters increased its number.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

beaver expansion; Europe; broken-line regression; Eurasian beaver population recovery; legal protection

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo ITP
• Czasopismo: Journal of Water and Land Development
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: no. 64
• Strony: 155--162
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 39 poz., mapy, tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Paderewski Jakub

• Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3957-7467

autor

Sienkiewicz-Paderewska Dorota

• Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4255-8390

Bibliografia

• Allen, D.M. (1974) “The relationship between variable selection and data argumentation and a method for prediction,” Technometrics, 16(1), pp. 125–127. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1974.10489157.
• Batbold, J. et al. (2021) “Castor fiber (amended version of 2016 assessment),” The IUCN Red List of Species 2021, e.T4007A 197499749. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4007A197499749.en.
• Bereszyński, A. and Homan, E. (2007) “Występowanie bobra europejskiego (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) w Poznaniu [Occurrence of the European beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) in Poznań],” Nauka Przyroda Technologie, 1(2), 38, pp. 1–43. Available at: http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/tom1/zeszyt2/art_38.pdf (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Czech, A. (2010) Bóbr – budowniczy i inżynier [Beaver – builder and engineer]. Kraków: Fundacja Wspierania Inicjatyw Ekologicznych.
• Čížková, H. et al. (2013) “Actual state of European wetlands and their possible future in the context of global climate change,” Aquatic Sciences, 75(1), pp. 1–24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-011-0233-4.
• Daryadel, E. and Talaei, F. (2014) “Analytical study on threats to wetland ecosystems and their solutions in the framework of the Ramsar Convention,” International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation, 8(7), pp. 2100–2110. Available at: https://publications.waset.org/9998721/analytical-study-on-threats-to-wetland-ecosystems-and-their-solutions-in-the-frame-work-of-the-ramsar-convention (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Dias, C.T.S. and Krzanowski, W.J. (2003) “Model selection and cross validation in additive main effect and multiplicative interaction models,” Crop Science, 43, pp. 865–873. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.8650.
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• Gauch, H.G. and Zobel, R.W. (1990) “Imputing missing yield trial data,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 79, pp. 753–761. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224240.
• Grimm, W.M. (2023) “Optimal choice of IHS-type of transformations for log-linear modelling,” Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods, 68(1), pp. 34–58. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2023.2277671.
• Halley, D.J. and Rosell, F. (2002) “The beaver’s reconquest of Eurasia: Status, population development and management of a conservation success,” Mammal Review, 32(3), pp. 152–178. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00106.x.
• Halley, D.J., Saveljev, A.P. and Rosell, F. (2020) “Population and distribution of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis in Eurasia,” Mammal Review, 51, pp. 1–24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12216.
• Hędrzak, M. et al. (2011) “The presence of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in urbanised areas,” in P. Indykiewicz et al. (eds.) Urban fauna. Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities. Bydgoszcz: UTP Bydgoszcz, pp. 511–516.
• Janiszewski, P. and Hanzal, V. (2021) “Restoration of European beaver Castor fiber in Poland – a proper or wrong lesson of active protection for other European countries?,” Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 5(1), pp. 40–52. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22120/jwb.2020.131799.1169.
• Janiszewski, P. and Hermanowska, Z. (2019) “Damage caused by the European beaver (Castor fiber L.) in agricultural and forest farms in view of selected atmospheric factors and animal behaviour,” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(6), pp. 15633–15642. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1563315642.
• Ledger, S.E.H. et al. (2022) Wildlife comeback in Europe: Opportunities and challenges for species recovery. Final report to Rewilding Europe by the Zoological Society of London. BirdLife International and the European Bird Census Council. London, UK: ZSL.
• Muggeo, V.M.R. (2003) “Estimating regression models with unknown break-points,” Statistics in Medicine, 22, pp. 3055–3071. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1545.
• Muggeo, V.M.R. (2008) “Segmented: An R Package to fit regression models with broken-line relationships,” R News, 8/1, pp. 20–25. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2008-1.pdf (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Muggeo, V.M.R. (2016) “Testing with a nuisance parameter present only under the alternative: A score-based approach with application to segmented modelling,” Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 86, pp. 3059–3067. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2016.1149855.
• Nirwana, M.B. and Wulandari, D. (2021) “Comparison of simple and segmented linear regression models on the effect of sea depth toward the sea temperature,” Enthusiastic International Journal of Applied Statistics and Data Science, 1(2), pp. 68–75. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20885/enthusiastic.vol1.iss2.art3.
• Nolet, B.A. and Rosell, F. (1998) “Comeback of the beaver Castor fiber: An overview of old and new conservation problems,” Biological Conservation, 83(2), pp. 165–173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00066-9.
• Oksanen, J. et al. (2022) Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.6-4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.pack-age.vegan (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
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• Rooij de, M. and Weeda, W. (2020) “Cross-validation: A method every psychologist should know,” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(2), pp. 248–263. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919898466.
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• Rozporządzenie (2001) “Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 26 września 2001 r. w sprawie określenia listy gatunków zwierząt rodzimych dziko występujących objętych ochroną gatunkową ścisłą i częściową oraz zakazów dla danych gatunków i odstępstw od tych zakazów [Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 26 September 2001 on determining the list of species of native wild animals subject to strict and partial species protection and prohibitions for given species and derogations from these prohibitions],” Dz.U., 2001, Nr 130, poz. 1456.
• Rozporządzenie (2016) “Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie ochrony gatunkowej zwierząt [Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 16 December 2016 on the protection of animal species],” Dz.U., 2016, poz. 2183.
• Stone, M. (1974) “Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Ser. B Statistical Methodology, 36(2), pp. 111–147. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x.
• Ustawa (2004) “Ustawa z dnia 16 kwietnia 2004 r. o ochronie przyrody [Act on nature conservation],” Dz.U., 2004, Nr 92, poz. 880.
• Wagner, A.K. et al. (2002) “Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 27(4), pp. 299–309. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00430.x.
• Wróbel, M. (2020) “Population of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in Europe,” Global Ecology and Conservation, 23, e01046. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01046.
• Wróbel, M. and Krysztofiak-Kaniewska, A. (2020) “Long-term dynamics of and potential management strategies for the beaver (Castor fiber) population in Poland,” The European Zoological Journal, 87(1), pp. 116–121. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2020.1727969.
• Zając T., Romanowski, J. and Kozyra, K. (2015) “1337 Bóbr europejski Castor fiber (Linnaeus, 1758) [European beaver Castor fiber (Linnaeus, 1758)],” in M. Makomaska-Juchiewicz and M. Bonk (eds.) Monitoring gatunków zwierząt. Przewodnik metodyczny. Część IV [Monitoring of animal species. Methodological guide. Part IV]. Warszawa: GIOŚ, pp. 281–316.
• Zalewski, K. et al. (2012) “Concentrations of heavy metals and PCBs in the tissues of European beavers (Castor fiber) captured in northeastern Poland,” European Journal of Wildlife Research, 58, pp. 655–660. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-012-0613-7.
• Żurowski, W. (1979) “Preliminary results of European beaver reintroduction in the tributary streams of the Vistula River,” Acta Theriologica, 24(7), pp. 85–91. Available at: https://rcin.org.pl/Content/10616/PDF/BI002_11629_Cz-40-2_Acta-T24-nr7-85- 91_o.pdf (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Żurowski, W. and Kasperczyk, B. (1988) “Effects of reintroduction of European beaver in the lowlands of the Vistula Basin,” Acta Theriologica, 33(24), pp. 325–338. Available at: http://rcin.org.pl/ibs/Content/11287/BI002_2613_Cz-40-2_Acta-T33-nr24-325- 338_o.pdf (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Allen, D.M. (1974) “The relationship between variable selection and data argumentation and a method for prediction,” Technometrics, 16(1), pp. 125–127. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1974.10489157.
• Batbold, J. et al. (2021) “Castor fiber (amended version of 2016 assessment),” The IUCN Red List of Species 2021, e.T4007A 197499749. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4007A197499749.en.
• Bereszyński, A. and Homan, E. (2007) “Występowanie bobra europejskiego (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) w Poznaniu [Occurrence of the European beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) in Poznań],” Nauka Przyroda Technologie, 1(2), 38, pp. 1–43. Available at: http://www.npt.up-poznan.net/tom1/zeszyt2/art_38.pdf (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Czech, A. (2010) Bóbr – budowniczy i inżynier [Beaver – builder and engineer]. Kraków: Fundacja Wspierania Inicjatyw Ekologicznych.
• Čížková, H. et al. (2013) “Actual state of European wetlands and their possible future in the context of global climate change,” Aquatic Sciences, 75(1), pp. 1–24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-011-0233-4.
• Daryadel, E. and Talaei, F. (2014) “Analytical study on threats to wetland ecosystems and their solutions in the framework of the Ramsar Convention,” International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation, 8(7), pp. 2100–2110. Available at: https://publications.waset.org/9998721/analytical-study-on-threats-to-wetland-ecosystems-and-their-solutions-in-the-frame-work-of-the-ramsar-convention (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Dias, C.T.S. and Krzanowski, W.J. (2003) “Model selection and cross validation in additive main effect and multiplicative interaction models,” Crop Science, 43, pp. 865–873. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.8650.
• Dzięciołowski, R. (2004) “Castor fiber (L., 1758) bóbr europejski [Castor fiber (L., 1758) European beaver],” in A. Bereszyński (ed.) Poradniki ochrony siedlisk i gatunków Natura 2000 – podręcznik metodyczny. T. 6. Gatunki zwierząt z wyjątkiem ptaków – Ssaki [Natura 2000 habitat and species protection guides – methodological handbook. Vol. 6. Animal species except birds – Mammals)]. Warszawa: Ministerstwo Środowiska, pp. 457–462.
• Fajer, M. et al. (2017) “Współczesne wykorzystanie przez bobra europejskiego Castor fiber antropogenicznie przekształconych dolin rzecznych (przykłady z Równiny Opolskiej i Wyżyny Woźnicko-Wieluńskiej) [Contemporary adaptation of anthropogenically-transformed river valleys by European beavers Castor fiber (examples from Poland’s Opole Plain and Woźniki-Wieluń Upland)],” Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(3), pp. 467–489. Available at: https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=-true&id=63171 (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Farris, P.W. et al. (2006) Key marketing metrics: The 50+ metrics every manager needs to know. 1st edn. Harlow: Pearson Education.
• Gauch, H.G. and Zobel, R.W. (1990) “Imputing missing yield trial data,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 79, pp. 753–761. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224240.
• Grimm, W.M. (2023) “Optimal choice of IHS-type of transformations for log-linear modelling,” Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods, 68(1), pp. 34–58. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2023.2277671.
• Halley, D.J. and Rosell, F. (2002) “The beaver’s reconquest of Eurasia: Status, population development and management of a conservation success,” Mammal Review, 32(3), pp. 152–178. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00106.x.
• Halley, D.J., Saveljev, A.P. and Rosell, F. (2020) “Population and distribution of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis in Eurasia,” Mammal Review, 51, pp. 1–24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12216.
• Hędrzak, M. et al. (2011) “The presence of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in urbanised areas,” in P. Indykiewicz et al. (eds.) Urban fauna. Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities. Bydgoszcz: UTP Bydgoszcz, pp. 511–516.
• Janiszewski, P. and Hanzal, V. (2021) “Restoration of European beaver Castor fiber in Poland – a proper or wrong lesson of active protection for other European countries?,” Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 5(1), pp. 40–52. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22120/jwb.2020.131799.1169.
• Janiszewski, P. and Hermanowska, Z. (2019) “Damage caused by the European beaver (Castor fiber L.) in agricultural and forest farms in view of selected atmospheric factors and animal behaviour,” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(6), pp. 15633–15642. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1563315642.
• Ledger, S.E.H. et al. (2022) Wildlife comeback in Europe: Opportunities and challenges for species recovery. Final report to Rewilding Europe by the Zoological Society of London. BirdLife International and the European Bird Census Council. London, UK: ZSL.
• Muggeo, V.M.R. (2003) “Estimating regression models with unknown break-points,” Statistics in Medicine, 22, pp. 3055–3071. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1545.
• Muggeo, V.M.R. (2008) “Segmented: An R Package to fit regression models with broken-line relationships,” R News, 8/1, pp. 20–25. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2008-1.pdf (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Muggeo, V.M.R. (2016) “Testing with a nuisance parameter present only under the alternative: A score-based approach with application to segmented modelling,” Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 86, pp. 3059–3067. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2016.1149855.
• Nirwana, M.B. and Wulandari, D. (2021) “Comparison of simple and segmented linear regression models on the effect of sea depth toward the sea temperature,” Enthusiastic International Journal of Applied Statistics and Data Science, 1(2), pp. 68–75. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20885/enthusiastic.vol1.iss2.art3.
• Nolet, B.A. and Rosell, F. (1998) “Comeback of the beaver Castor fiber: An overview of old and new conservation problems,” Biological Conservation, 83(2), pp. 165–173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00066-9.
• Oksanen, J. et al. (2022) Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.6-4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.pack-age.vegan (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• R Core Team (2023) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: https://www.R-project.org/ (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Rakowska, R. and Stachurska-Swakoń, A. (2021) “Historia bobra europejskiego w Polsce i obecny stan populacji [The history of the Eurasian beaver in Poland and the current population state],” Wszechświat, 122(1–3), pp. 45–54. Available at: https://wszechswiat.ptpk.org/index.php/wszechswiat/issue/view/48 (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Rooij de, M. and Weeda, W. (2020) “Cross-validation: A method every psychologist should know,” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(2), pp. 248–263. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919898466.
• Rozporządzenie (1952) “Rozporządzenie Ministra Leśnictwa z dnia 4 listopada 1952 r. w sprawie wprowadzenia gatunkowej ochrony zwierząt [Regulation of the Minister of the Forestry of 4 November 1952 on the protection of animal species],” Dz.U., 1952, Nr 45, poz. 307.
• Rozporządzenie (2001) “Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 26 września 2001 r. w sprawie określenia listy gatunków zwierząt rodzimych dziko występujących objętych ochroną gatunkową ścisłą i częściową oraz zakazów dla danych gatunków i odstępstw od tych zakazów [Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 26 September 2001 on determining the list of species of native wild animals subject to strict and partial species protection and prohibitions for given species and derogations from these prohibitions],” Dz.U., 2001, Nr 130, poz. 1456.
• Rozporządzenie (2016) “Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie ochrony gatunkowej zwierząt [Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 16 December 2016 on the protection of animal species],” Dz.U., 2016, poz. 2183.
• Stone, M. (1974) “Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Ser. B Statistical Methodology, 36(2), pp. 111–147. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x.
• Ustawa (2004) “Ustawa z dnia 16 kwietnia 2004 r. o ochronie przyrody [Act on nature conservation],” Dz.U., 2004, Nr 92, poz. 880.
• Wagner, A.K. et al. (2002) “Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 27(4), pp. 299–309. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00430.x.
• Wróbel, M. (2020) “Population of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in Europe,” Global Ecology and Conservation, 23, e01046. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01046.
• Wróbel, M. and Krysztofiak-Kaniewska, A. (2020) “Long-term dynamics of and potential management strategies for the beaver (Castor fiber) population in Poland,” The European Zoological Journal, 87(1), pp. 116–121. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2020.1727969.
• Zając T., Romanowski, J. and Kozyra, K. (2015) “1337 Bóbr europejski Castor fiber (Linnaeus, 1758) [European beaver Castor fiber (Linnaeus, 1758)],” in M. Makomaska-Juchiewicz and M. Bonk (eds.) Monitoring gatunków zwierząt. Przewodnik metodyczny. Część IV [Monitoring of animal species. Methodological guide. Part IV]. Warszawa: GIOŚ, pp. 281–316.
• Zalewski, K. et al. (2012) “Concentrations of heavy metals and PCBs in the tissues of European beavers (Castor fiber) captured in northeastern Poland,” European Journal of Wildlife Research, 58, pp. 655–660. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-012-0613-7.
• Żurowski, W. (1979) “Preliminary results of European beaver reintroduction in the tributary streams of the Vistula River,” Acta Theriologica, 24(7), pp. 85–91. Available at: https://rcin.org.pl/Content/10616/PDF/BI002_11629_Cz-40-2_Acta-T24-nr7-85- 91_o.pdf (Accessed: August 22, 2024).
• Żurowski, W. and Kasperczyk, B. (1988) “Effects of reintroduction of European beaver in the lowlands of the Vistula Basin,” Acta Theriologica, 33(24), pp. 325–338. Available at: http://rcin.org.pl/ibs/Content/11287/BI002_2613_Cz-40-2_Acta-T33-nr24-325- 338_o.pdf (Accessed: August 22, 2024).