Pharmaceutical Active Compounds Contamination and Seasonal-Based Ecotoxicity Assessment of the Yamuna River for the Delhi stretch

• Autorzy: Alsubih Majed , Khan Roohul Abad

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.54740/ros.2024.052

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Yamuna River is the only river in Delhi. This results in heavy reliance on Yamuna to meet Delhi Water demands. This has prompted several research works covering physicochemical, biological, heavy metal concentration, emerging pollutant occurrence, and their risk assessment. This study investigated occurrence, seasonal variation (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon), and risk assessment posed by 7 PhACs at five sampling locations along a 22 km stretch of Yamuna River in Delhi. The samples were collected and analysed in pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The seven PhACs, comprised of 2 antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin; CIP, sulfamethoxazole; SMZ), 2 NSAIDs (Paracetamol; PCM, Ketoprofen; KPF), 1 anxiety control (Lorazepam, LOR), 1 anticonvulsant (Carbamazepine; CBZ) and 1 statin (Fluvastatin; FUT). The PhACs range of occurrence across three seasons was PCM 75-589 ng L^-1, KPF 31-238 ng L^-1, CBZ 11-192 ng L^-1, LOR 62-462 ng L^-1, CIP 48-192 ng L^-1, SMZ 192-1534 ng L^-1, and FUT 0-421 ng L^-1. The seasonal occurrence was in the order of post-monsoon> pre-monsoon> monsoon. PCM, CBZ FUT posed a negligible ecotoxicological risk, LOR posed a low-medium risk, and ketoprofen, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole posed high risks. Based on the risk index, all seasons have high ecological risk at every sample point. Discharges of untreated sewage and insufficient and inefficient treated wastewater are the primary contributors of PhACs in the Yamuna River. This study concludes that existing WWTPs need drastic upgrades. Policies and measures should also be developed to prevent untreated wastewater from reaching the Yamuna River. This necessitates further studies to investigate processes suitable for installing and treating wastewater along the longitudinal section of the drain and assess their technical feasibility.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Yamuna River; wastewater discharge; pharmaceutical compounds; ecotoxicity

• Wydawca: Politechnika Koszalińska
• Czasopismo: Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Tom 26
• Strony: 587--602
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 53, rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Alsubih Majed

• Department of Civil Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8226-1682

autor

Khan Roohul Abad

• Department of Civil Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2329-4123

Bibliografia

• Aa van der, N.G.F.M., Van Vlaardingen, P.L.A., Van Leeuwen, L.C., Post, M. (2001). Assessment of potential risks of 11 pharmaceuticals for the environment: Using environmental information from public databases.
• Aimee K. Murray, Isobel Stanton, William H. Gaze, J.S. (2021). Dawning of a new ERA: Environmental Risk Assessment of antibiotics and their potential to select for antimicrobial resistance. Water Res. 200, 11.
• Aminot, Y., Le Menach, K., Pardon, P., Etcheber, H., Budzinski, H. (2016). Inputs and seasonal removal of pharma-ceuticals in the estuarine Garonne River. Mar. Chem., 185, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.05.010
• Bagnis, S., Boxall, A., Gachanja, A., Fitzsimons, M., Murigi, M., Snape, J., Tappin, A., Wilkinson, J., Comber, S. (2020). Characterisation of the Nairobi River catchment impact zone and occurrence of pharmaceuticals: Implications for an impact zone inclusive environmental risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ., 703, 134925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134925
• Biswas, P., Vellanki, B.P. (2021). Occurrence of emerging contaminants in highly anthropogenically influenced river Yamuna in India. Sci. Total Environ., 782, 146741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146741
• Cantwell, M.G., Katz, D.R., Sullivan, J.C., Shapley, D., Lipscomb, J., Epstein, J., Juhl, A.R., Knudson, C., O'Mullan, G.D. (2018). Spatial patterns of pharmaceuticals and wastewater tracers in the Hudson River Estuary. Water Res., 137, 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.044
• Clinic, M. (2024). Ketoprofen (Oral Route) Side Effects - Mayo Clinic [WWW Document]. URL https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ketoprofen-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20069709?p=1 (accessed 4.27.23).
• Commission, central water, 2018. Basin Details : Yamuna Basin Organisation [WWW Document]. Cent. Water Comm. URL http://cwc.gov.in/ybo/about_basin (accessed 6.20.21).
• Daneshvar, A., Svanfelt, J., Kronberg, L., Prévost, M., Weyhenmeyer, G.A. (2010). Seasonal variations in the occurrence and fate of basic and neutral pharmaceuticals in a Swedish river-lake system. Chemosphere, 80, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.060
• Database, E.C., 2023. PARACETAMOL PNEC VALUE [WWW Document]. Eur. Chem. Agency. URL https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12532/6/1 (accessed 4.26.23).
• Ginebreda, A., Muñoz, I., de Alda, M.L., Brix, R., López-Doval, J., Barceló, D. (2010). Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in rivers: Relationships between hazard indexes and aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity indexes in the Llobregat River (NE Spain). Environ. Int., 36, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.003
• Guiloski, I.C., Ribas, J.L.C., Piancini, L.D.S., Dagostim, A.C., Cirio, S.M., Fávaro, L.F., Boschen, S.L., Cestari, M.M., da Cunha, C., Silva de Assis, H.C. (2017). Paracetamol causes endocrine disruption and hepatotoxicity in male fish Rhamdia quelen after subchronic exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 53, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.05.005
• Gupta, S., Singh, S.K., Gandhi, V. (2018). A study on Sewage Treatment and Disposal in Delhi, 6, 88-91.
• Huerta, B., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Lazorchak, J., Barcelo, D., Batt, A., Wathen, J., Stahl, L. (2018). Presence of pharmaceuticals in fish collected from urban rivers in the U.S. EPA 2008-2009 National Rivers and Streams Assessment. Sci. Total Environ., 634, 542-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.387
• Im, J.K., Hwang, M.Y., Lee, E.H., Noh, H.R., Yu, S.J. (2020a). Pharmaceutical compounds in tributaries of the Han River watershed, South Korea. Environ. Res., 188, 109758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109758
• Im, J.K., Kim, S.H., Noh, H.R., Yu, S.J. (2020b). Temporal-spatial variation and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in tributaries of the Han River watershed, South Korea. Sci. Total Environ., 741, 140486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140486
• K’oreje, K.O., Kandie, F.J., Vergeynst, L., Abira, M.A., Van Langenhove, H., Okoth, M., Demeestere, K. (2018). Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides in wastewater stabilisation ponds and receiving rivers in the Nzoia Basin, Kenya. Sci. Total Environ., 637-638, 336-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.331
• Khan, M.A., Khan, N., Ahmad, A., Kumar, R., Singh, A., Chaurasia, D., Neogi, S., Kumar, V., Bhargava, P.C. (2023). Potential health risk assessment, spatio-temporal hydrochemistry and groundwater quality of Yamuna river basin, Northern India. Chemosphere, 311, 136880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136880
• Kiani, B., Hashemi Amin, F., Bagheri, N., Bergquist, R., Mohammadi, A.A., Yousefi, M., Faraji, H., Roshandel, G., Beirami, S., Rahimzadeh, H., Hoseini, B. (2021). Association between heavy metals and colon cancer: an ecological study based on geographical information systems in North-Eastern Iran. BMC Cancer, 21, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08148-1
• Kondor, A.C., Jakab, G., Vancsik, A., Filep, T., Szeberényi, J., Szabó, L., Maász, G., Ferincz, Á., Dobosy, P., Szalai, Z. (2020). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the danube and drinking water wells: Efficiency of riverbank filtration. Environ. Pollut., 265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114893
• Kumar Dubey, S., Parmar, R. (2014). Assessment of Water Quality of Drainage System in the Yamuna River At Delhi. Int. J. Recent Sci. Res.
• Lalwani, D., Ruan, Y., Taniyasu, S., Yamazaki, E., Kumar, N.J.I., Lam, P.K.S., Wang, X., Yamashita, N. (2020). Nationwide distribution and potential risk of bisphenol analogues in Indian waters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 200, 110718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110718
• Lamba, M., Sreekrishnan, T.R., Ahammad, S.Z. (2020). Sewage mediated transfer of antibiotic resistance to River Yamuna in Delhi, India. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 8, 102088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.041
• Mandaric, L., Diamantini, E., Stella, E., Cano-Paoli, K., Valle-Sistac, J., Molins-Delgado, D., Bellin, A., Chiogna, G., Majone, B., Diaz-Cruz, M.S., Sabater, S., Barcelo, D., Petrovic, M. (2017). Contamination sources and distribution patterns of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Alpine rivers strongly affected by tourism. Sci. Total Environ., 590-591, 484-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.185
• Mandaric, L., Kalogianni, E., Skoulikidis, N., Petrovic, M., Sabater, S. (2019). Contamination patterns and attenuation of pharmaceuticals in a temporary Mediterranean river. Sci. Total Environ., 647, 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.308
• Mendoza, A., Aceña, J., Pérez, S., Negreira, N., Barceló, D. (2016). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewaters and assessment of their associated environmental risk and hazard : a Spanish case study . o Sampling 8-9.
• Mishra, S., Kumar, P., Mehrotra, I., Kumar, M. (2023a). Prevalence of organic micropollutants in the Yamuna River, Delhi, India: seasonal variations and governing factors. Sci. Total Environ., 858, 159684. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.159684
• 1. Mishra, S., Kumar, P., Mehrotra, I., Kumar, M. (2023b). Prevalence of organic micropollutants in the Yamuna River, Delhi, India: seasonal variations and governing factors. Sci. Total Environ., 858, 159684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159684
• Mutiyar, P.K., Gupta, S.K., Mittal, A.K. (2018). Fate of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) from River Yamuna, India: An ecotoxicological risk assessment approach. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 150, 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.041
• Na, T.W., Kang, T.-W., Lee, K.-H., Hwang, S.-H., Jung, H.-J., Kim, K. (2019). Distribution and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals in surface water of the Yeongsan river, Republic of Korea. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 181, 180-186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.004
• Online, D.B. (2024). Sulfamethoxazole: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online [WWW Document]. DRUgBank Online. URL https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01015 (accessed 4.27.23).
• Paíga, P., Santos, L.H.M.L.M., Ramos, S., Jorge, S., Silva, J.G., Delerue-Matos, C. (2016). Presence of pharmaceuticals in the Lis river (Portugal): Sources, fate and seasonal variation. Sci. Total Environ., 573, 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.089
• Park, N., Jeon, J. (2021). Emerging pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals in Nakdong River, Korea: Identification, quantitative monitoring, and prioritisation. Chemosphere, 263, 128014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128014
• Parween, M., Ramanathan, A.L., Raju, N.J. (2021). Assessment of toxicity and potential health risk from persistent pesticides and heavy metals along the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna. Environ. Res., 202, 111780. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2021.111780
• Patel, P.P., Mondal, S., Ghosh, K.G. (2020). Some respite for India's dirtiest river? Examining the Yamuna's water quality at Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Sci. Total Environ., 744, 140851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140851
• Pereira, A., Silva, L., Laranjeiro, C., Lino, C., Pena, A. (2020). Selected pharmaceuticals in different aquatic compartments: Part II-Toxicity and environmental risk assessment. Molecules, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081796
• Rezka, P., Balcerzak, W. (2015). The occurrence of selected hypolipidemic drugs in the aquatic environment. Tech. Trans. Environ. Eng., 2015, 103-110. https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.15.188.4393
• Rojo, M., Álvarez-Muñoz, D., Dománico, A., Foti, R., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Barceló, D., Carriquiriborde, P. (2019). Human pharmaceuticals in three major fish species from the Uruguay River (South America) with different feeding habits. Environ. Pollut., 252, 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.099
• Samson, R., Shah, M., Yadav, R., Sarode, P., Rajput, V., Dastager, S.G., Dharne, M.S., Khairnar, K. (2019). Metagenomic insights to understand transient influence of Yamuna River on taxonomic and functional aspects of bacterial and archaeal communities of River Ganges. Sci. Total Environ., 674, 288-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.166
• Shamsollahi, H.R., Alimohammadi, M., Momeni, S., Naddafi, K., Nabizadeh, R., Khorasgani, F.C., Masinaei, M., Yousefi, M. (2019). Assessment of the Health Risk Induced by Accumulated Heavy Metals from Anaerobic Digestion of Biological Sludge of the Lettuce. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 188, 514-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1422-y
• Sharma, B.M., Bečanová, J., Scheringer, M., Sharma, A., Bharat, G.K., Whitehead, P.G., Klánová, J., Nizzetto, L. (2019). Health and ecological risk assessment of emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and artificial sweeteners) in surface and groundwater (drinking water) in the Ganges River Basin, India. Sci. Total Environ., 646, 1459-1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.235
• Shokri, S., Abdoli, N., Sadighara, P., Mahvi, A.H., Esrafili, A., Gholami, M., Jannat, B., Yousefi, M. (2022). Risk assessment of heavy metals consumption through onion on human health in Iran. Food Chem., X 14, 100283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100283
• Singh Sankhla, M., Kumar, R., Prasad, L. (2022a). Impact of Variation in Climatic Changes in Concentration of Lead & Nickel in Yamuna River Water, Delhi, India. Mater. Today Proc., 69, 1540-1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2022.05.242
• Singh Sankhla, M., Kumar, R., Prasad, L. (2022b). Impact of Variation in Climatic Changes in Concentration of Lead & Nickel in Yamuna River Water, Delhi, India. Mater. Today Proc., 69, 1540-1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.242
• Singh, V., Suthar, S. (2021). Occurrence, seasonal variations, and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in River Ganges at two holy cities of India. Chemosphere, 268, 129331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129331
• Su, D., Ben, W., Strobel, B.W., Qiang, Z. (2021). Impacts of wastewater treatment plant upgrades on the distribution and risks of pharmaceuticals in receiving rivers. J. Hazard. Mater., 406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124331
• Timofeeva, S.S., Tyukalova, O. V., Timofeev, S.S. (2022). Environmental risk and possibilities of ciprofloxacin phytoremediation. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 1061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1061/1/012025
• Upadhyay, R., Dasgupta, N., Hasan, A., Upadhyay, S.K. (2011). Managing water quality of River Yamuna in NCR Delhi. Phys. Chem. Earth, 36, 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2010.03.018
• Vikram Soni, Shashank Shekhar, D.S. (2013). Environmental flow for Monsoon Rivers in India: The Yamuna River as a case study. Geophysics, 1-20.
• White, D., Lapworth, D.J., Civil, W., Williams, P. (2019). Tracking changes in the occurrence and source of pharma-ceuticals within the River Thames, UK; from source to sea. Environ. Pollut., 249, 257-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.015
• Yadav, A., Khandegar, V. (2019). Dataset on assessment of River Yamuna, Delhi, India using indexing approach. Data Br., 22, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.130
• Yang, X., Xu, X., Wei, X., Wan, J., Zhang, Y. (2019). Biomarker effects in carassius auratus exposure to ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091628
• Zhang, L., Du, S., Zhang, X., Lyu, G., Dong, D., Hua, X., Zhang, W., Guo, Z. (2020). Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals in a seasonally ice-sealed river: From ice formation to melting. J. Hazard. Mater., 389, 122083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122083