Physical fields during construction and operation of wind farms by example of Polish maritime areas

• Autorzy: Otremba Z. , Andrulewicz E.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The article discusses an important issue of technical pressure exerted on the marine environment during construction and operation of maritime wind farms (MFW) on waters of the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone. A motivation for analysing this issue is the need for attracting attention to the aspect of physical field modification as the factor which links large scale technical activity at sea with the existence and functioning of the marine ecosystem, including further consequences to its economic benefits. Based on current knowledge and authors’ analyses, the scale of modifications (disturbances) of physical fields expected to take place during MFW construction and operation was assessed.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

marine environment; wind farms; physical field; large scale constructions; marine spatial planning

• Wydawca: Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Ocean Engineering & Ship Technology
• Czasopismo: Polish Maritime Research
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: nr 4
• Strony: 113--122
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 40 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Otremba Z.

• Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland

autor

Andrulewicz E.

• National Marine Fisheries Research Institute

Bibliografia

• 1. Andrew, R. K., Howe B. M., Mercer J. A., Dzieciuch M. A.: Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960’s with the 1990’s for a receiver off the California coast, Acoustic Research Letters Online 3 (2), pp.65-70, (2002)
• 2. Andrulewicz E., Napierska D., Otremba Z.: The environmental effects of the installation and functioning of the submarine SwePol Link HVDC transmission line: A case study of the Polish Maritime area of the Baltic Sea, Journal of Sea Research 49, pp.337-345, (2003)
• 3. Andrulewicz E., Pelczarski W.. Kuzebski E., Szymanek L., Grygiel W.: Fishery and new concepts of the use of sea space – an example of the Polish Maritime areas, Proc. Conf. ICES ASC, Bergen, 17-21.09.2012, (2012)
• 4. BALANCE (Baltic Sea Management – Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development of the Ecosystem through Spatial Planning): Towards an Assessment of Ecological Coherence of the Marine Protected Areas Network in the Baltic Sea Region, BALANCE Interim Report No. 25, (2007)
• 5. Buckingham M. J., Wave propagation, stress relaxation, and grain-to-grain shearing in saturated, unconsolidated marine sediments, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, pp.2796-2815 (2000)
• 6. CMACS (Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies): A Baseline Assessment of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Offshore Windfarm Cables, COWRIE Technical Report EMF 01-2002 66. Birkenhead, England, UK, (2003) http://www.offshorewind.co.uk/Assets/COWRIE_EMF_ Research_Report.pdf
• 7. Dietz R. S. & Sheehy M. J.: Transpacific detection of myojin volcanic explosions by underwater sound. Bulletin of the Geological Society 2, pp.942-956 (1954).
• 8. Enger, P.S. Electroreception. In: Døving, K. & Reimers, E. (eds.): Fish physiology, John Grieg Publishing, Bergen, Norway, (1992)
• 9. Francois R. E. & Garrison G. R.: Sound absorption based on ocean measurements. Part II: Boric acid contribution and equation for total absorption, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, pp.1879-1890 (1982).
• 10. GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection): GESAMP Reports and Studies, No.47, (1991)
• 11. Gill A.B.: Gloyne-Phillips I., Neal K. J., Kimber J. A.: The potential effects of electromagnetic fields generated by sub-sea power cables associated with offshore wind farm developments on electricity and magnetically sensitive marine organisms – a review, COWRIE 1.5 Electromagnetic Field Review, (2005)
• 12. Ginalski A.: The network Natura 2000 on Polish Maritime areas, (in Polish) , Konferencja Instytutu na rzecz Ekorozwoju, Warsaw, February 15, 2011 (2011)
• 13. IMGW: Atlas of the Baltic Sea, (in Polish) collective work edited by A. Majewski and Z. Lauer, Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej, Warsaw (1994)
• 14. IMGW: Southern Baltic Sea – annual characteristic of selected elements of the environment, (in Polish), Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej - Oddział Morski w Gdyni, (1987-2012)
• 15. Karlsson, L.: Migration of European silver eels, Anguilla anguilla. Orientation to the earth’s magnetic field and pulpmill effluents particularly in the Baltic, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 745, pp.5-24, (1984)
• 16. Medwin H. & Clay C. S.: Fundamentals of Acoustical Oceanography, Academic, Boston, 1998MTBiGW (Ministry of Transport Construction and Maritime Economy): Map of potential places selected for location of wind farms in the exclusive economic zone, (in Polish)
• 17. Moller, P.: Electric Fishes: History and Behavior, Chapman & Hall, (1995)
• 18. Nakamura, T., Hirose, C., Hirose, R., Hirooka, S., Sasaki, H.: Observation of electric fields in the shallow sea using the stainless steel electrode antenna system, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C Vol. 31, Issues 4-9, 2006, pp.352-355.
• 19. Norton G.V. Novarini J.C.: On the relative role of sea-surface roughness and bubble plumes in shallow-water propagation in the low-kilohertz region, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, pp.2946-2955, (2001)
• 20. Nedwell J., Langworthy J, Howell D.: Assessment of sub-sea acoustic noise and vibration from offshore wind turbines and its impact on marine wildlife; initial measurements of underwater noise during construction of offshore wind farms, and comparison with background noise, Report No. 544 R 0424, (2003)
• 21. Otremba, Z., Andrulewicz, E.: Environmental Concerns Related to Existing and Planned Technical Installations in the Baltic Sea, Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol.17, pp.173- 179, (2008)
• 22. Poleo, A.B.S., Johannessen, H. F., Harboe, M.:. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) seacables and sea electrodes: effects on marine life, University of Oslo, (2001)
• 23. Popper, A.N., Hastings, M.C.: The effects of anthropogenic sources of sound on fishes, Journal of Fish Biology, Vol. 75, Issue 3, pp.455-489. (2009a)
• 24. Popper, A.N., Hastings, M.C.: The effects of human-generated sound of fish, Integrative Zoology, 4, pp.43-52, (2009b)
• 25. Potter J.R., Delory E “Noise sources in the sea and the impact for those who live there” Acoustics and Vibration Asia ‚98, Singapore, (1998)
• 26. Rochalska, M.,. The influence of electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Medycyna Pracy 60, pp.43- 50, (2009)
• 27. Żygowska E.: Conditions for development of marine wind power industry in Poland, (in Polish), PSEW (Polskie Stowarzyszenie Energetyki Wiatrowej), I Międzynarodowy Kongres Morski w Szczecinie, 13 June 2013, (2013)
• 28. Ruskule A., Kuris M, Leiputė G,, Vetemaa M., Zableckis S.: Ship traffic in the Baltic Sea and port development, Chapter in: See the Baltic Sea, Ed.: Sea in Baltic Environmental Forum – Latvia (BEF-Latvia), (2009)
• 29. Shields M.A., Woolf D.K., Grist E.P.M., Kerr S.A., Jackson A.C., Harris R.E., Bel M., Beharie R., Want A., Osalusi E., Gibb S.W., Side J.: Marine renewable energy: The ecological implications of altering the hydrodynamics of the marine environment, Ocean & Coastal Management 54, pp.2-9, (2011)
• 30. Slater M.,: The prediction of electromagnetic fields generated by submarine power cables, Oregon Wave Energy Trust, 0905-00-007, (2010)
• 31. Slater M., Jones R., Schultz A.. Electromagnetic Field Study, Ed: Oregon Wave Energy Trust, (2010) www.oregonwave. org
• 32. SNBF (Swedish National Board of Fisheries):. Telemetriförsök med blankål vid HVDC polkabel (Telemetric try of detection of silver eels at HVDC cable), (1997)
• 33. South Baltic Program: South Baltic Offshore Wind Energy Regions: Offshore wind energy in Poland, http://www. southbaltic-offshore.eu/regions-poland.html
• 34. Souza, J.J., Poluhowich, J.J., Guerra, R.J.: Orientation responses of American eels, Anguilla rostrata, to varying magnetic field, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90A, pp.57-61, (1988)
• 35. Stryjecki M.: Foundation for Sustainable Energy, Legal, political and infrastructural conditions for development of marine wind power industry in Poland, (in Polish), Konf. Morska Energetyka, Słupsk - 21 January, 2013, (2013)
• 36. Tesch, F.W., Wendt, T., Influence of geomagnetism on the activity and orientation of eel, Anguilla, as evident from laboratory experiment. Aq. Ecol. Freshw. Fish. 1, pp.52-60, (1992)
• 37. Urick, R J.: Principles of Underwater Sound, 3rd Edition. New York. McGraw-Hill, 1983.
• 38. Wenz G. M.: Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: spectra and sources, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, pp.1936-1956 (1962).
• 39. Westerberg H., Lagenfelt I., Andersson I., Wahlberg M., Sparrevik E.: Impact of the SwePol Link on fish and fisheries, Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, (2007) (in Swedish and Polish)
• 40. Wiltschko, R., Wiltschko, W.: Magnetic orientation in animals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1995).