From UNCLOS to the IMDG code: Enhancing ASEAN’s maritime law for dangerous goods transport amid regional and international challenges

• Autorzy: Abuelenin Ahmed Hany M.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The maritime transport of dangerous goods (DG), including hazardous and noxious substances (HNS), poses escalating environmental and legal challenges, particularly in Southeast Asia’s high-traffic corridors. While international frameworks such as UNCLOS, MARPOL, and the IMDG code impose clear obligations, ASEAN member states exhibit fragmented implementation and limited HNS-specific preparedness. This paper critically assesses the region’s regulatory landscape through a legal-doctrinal and theoretical lens, identifying gaps in treaty ratification, port state control, and regional cooperation. It argues that soft-law mechanisms and institutional inertia undermine effective risk governance. This study calls for a binding regional instrument on HNS response, harmonized inspection regimes, and integrated liability frameworks to align ASEAN practices with global marine protection standards. Accordingly, the purpose of this work is to examine how ASEAN’s approach to DG transport aligns with international maritime law and to propose reforms that strengthen both regional and global marine environmental governance.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

DG transport; HNS; ASEAN maritime governance; international maritime law; marine environmental protection; transboundary pollution

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: nr 84 (156)
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 31 poz, rys, zdj.

Twórcy

autor

Abuelenin Ahmed Hany M.

• King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Maritime Studies Supply Chain Management and Maritime Business Department Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2759-9722

Bibliografia

• 1. Abuelenin, A.H.M. (2016) Obligations of authorities investigations towards the improvement of procedures of marine accident investigation. Journal of Social Science Studies 4 (1), pp. 117–122, doi: 20.5296/jsss.v4i1.9976
• 2. Abuelenin, A.H.M. (2017) The impact of shortage implementation of the international regulations on maritime safety. Cogent Social Sciences 3 (1), 1335499, doi: 10.1080/233 11886.2017.1335499
• 3. Alvarez, S., Larkin, S.L., Whitehead, J.C. & Haab, T. (2014) A revealed preference approach to valuing non-market recreational fishing losses from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Journal of Environmental Management 145, pp. 199–209, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.031
• 4. Barczak, A. (2023) Maritime passenger transport in Poland – development trends. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie 76 (148), pp. 42–47, doi: 10.17402/584
• 5. Behmiri, N.B. & Manso, J.R.P. (2013) How crude oil consumption impacts on economic growth of SubSaharan Africa? Energy 54, pp. 74–83, doi: 10.1016/j. energy.2013.02.052
• 6. Brzeziński, S. & Koliński, A. (2024) The concept of logistic customer service and its impact on the functioning of modern enterprises. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie 79 (151), pp. 40–47, doi: 10.17402/596
• 7. Chang, Y.-C., Song, R. & Liang, C. (2018) Enhancing regional cooperation on marine oil pollution response in the South China Sea: Institutional, legal and policy perspectives. Marine Policy 97, pp. 291–298, doi: 10.1016/j. marpol.2018.06.003
• 8. Chemical Pollution (2025) Busiest shipping routes and port terminals for bulk chemical transport in 2011. [Online]. Available from: https://www.chemical-pollution.com/en/ shipping/shipping-routes.php [Accessed: August 10, 2025]
• 9. Elliff, C.I. & Kikuchi, R.K.P. (2015) The ecosystem service approach and its application as a tool for integrated coastal management. Natureza & Conservação 13 (2), pp. 105–111, doi: 10.1016/j.ncon.2015.10.001
• 10. Flodén, J. & Woxenius, J. (2021) A stakeholder analysis of actors and networks for land transport of dangerous goods. Research in Transportation Business & Management 41, 100629, doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100629
• 11. Garza-Gil, M.D., Surís-Regueiro, J.C. & VarelaLafuente, M.M. (2006) Assessment of economic damages from the Prestige oil spill. Marine Policy 30 (5), pp. 544– 551, doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2005.07.003
• 12. Gold, E. (1986) Legal aspects of the transportation of dangerous goods at sea. Marine Policy 10 (3), pp. 185–191, doi: 10.1016/0308-597X(86)90051-5
• 13. Grote, M., Cherrett, T., Oakey, A., Royall, P.G., Whalley, S. & Dickinson, J. (2021) How do dangerous goods regulations apply to uncrewed aerial vehicles transporting medical cargos? Drones 5 (2), 38, doi: 10.3390/drones5020038
• 14. IMO (2022) International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code (2022 ed.). London: International Maritime Organization
• 15. IPIECA–IOGP (2015) The global distribution and assessment of major oil spill response resources. Final report. Available at: http://www.oilspillresponseproject.org/ wp-content/uploads/2016/02/JIP-9-Response-resources.pdf
• 16. ITOPF (2017) Country profile: Vietnam. The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. http://www.itopf.com/ knowledge-resources/countries-regions/countries/vietnam/
• 17. Kacprzak, P. (2023) Application of 2nd generation stability code for 7600DWT bulk carrier with high value of GM, being in dead ship condition in irregular waves. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 75 (147), pp. 14–19, doi: 10.17402/569
• 18. Magryta, R. & Mut, R. (2023) Economic and organizational aspects of implementing telematics systems in a selected transport company. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 74 (146), pp. 17–22, doi: 10.17402/554
• 19. Mullai, A. (2006) Maritime transport and risks of packaged dangerous goods. DaGoB (Safe and Reliable Transport Chains of Dangerous Goods in the Baltic Sea Region) Project Office, Turku School of Economics, Turku, Finland
• 20. Mandra, J.O. (2023) MSC shatters records with delivery of 24,346 TEU MSC Irina. [Online]. Available from: https://www.offshore-energy.biz/msc-shatters-records-withdelivery-of-24346-teu-msc-irina/ [Accessed: August 10, 2025]
• 21. Popek, M. (2019) Factors influencing on the environment during hazardous goods transportation by the sea. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 214, No. 1, p. 012052). IOP Publishing
• 22. Posaçka, A. (2024) Implementation of quality management principles in shipping companies as an element of sustainable development. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie 78 (150), pp. 63–67, doi: 10.17402/578
• 23. Reynolds, D.B. (2014) World oil production trend: Comparing Hubbert multi-cycle curves. Ecological Economics 98, pp. 62–71, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.12.016
• 24. Rose, F.D. (1996) Cargo risks: “dangerous” goods. The Cambridge Law Journal 55 (3), pp. 601‒613
• 25. Rukavina, S. (2022). Dangerous goods transportation in ports: Legal aspects and safety measures. Scientific Journal of Maritime Research 36 (1), pp. 72–78, doi: 10.31217/p.36.1.9
• 26. Shaverdi, M., Rezaee, S. & Khademi, A. (2014) Investigating the impact of port state control inspections on reducing maritime incidents. Journal of Marine Science and Application 13 (4), pp. 437–446, doi: 10.1007/s11804-014-1273-7
• 27. Shaverdi, M., Heshmati, M.R. & Ramezani, I. (2014) Application of fuzzy AHP approach for financial performance evaluation of Iranian petrochemical sector. Procedia Computer Science 31, pp. 995–1004, doi: 10.1016/j. procs.2014.05.352
• 28. Strzelczyk, A. & Guze, S. (2025) The game theory decision models for transport systems selection based on the SWOT analysis on the example of heavy and oversized goods transport. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie 81 (153), pp. 23–34, doi: 10.17402/628
• 29. Su, S. (2015) Looking ahead: the port industry ‒ how ASEAN Ports respond to the changing global maritime trade trends. BMT Asia Pacific, Des Voeux Road Central, Hong Kong
• 30. UNCLOS (1982) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/ depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e. pdf
• 31. Yunita, H., Aron, K. & Ferreira, J.N.D. (2023) Legal protection and liability for multimodal transport operators in the transport of dangerous and toxic goods. Pandecta Research Law Journal 18 (1), pp. 150‒158, doi: 10.15294/ pandecta.v18i1.42153

Uwagi

1. Brak nuneracji stron