Environmental impacts connected with the use of ethanol-gasoline blends

• Autorzy: Andersen O. , Manzetti S. , Hung C. , Czerwiński J. , Stępień Z. , Oleksiak S. , Andrae A.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Oddziaływania na środowisko zwązane ze stosowaniem mieszanek etanol-benzyna

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

As a summary of work in the project "Influence of bioethanol fuels treatment for operational performance, ecological properties and GHG emissions of spark ignition engines (Biotreth)'; evolving around the effects from bioethanol blending, this paper summarizes the findings from the 3-year long project. These are I) attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) of the environmental impact connected with the blended fuels, and 2) molecular dynamics simulations of exhaust from the blended fuels. Bioethanol has been increasingly applied as a renewable energy component in combination with gasoline for the reduction of emissions and to reduce the release of climate gases into the atmosphere. Here the environmental and health impacts resulting from introducing bioethanol blended into fossil fuels are assessed. This bio-blended fuel is an alternative to fossil fuels, and their multivariate results are presented with the potential environmental impacts of the production (well-to-tank) of certain multifunctional detergent additive packages (MDAPs) combined with different ethanol-gasoline blends. Moreover the effect of feedstock for ethanol in Switzerland and Poland on end-point modelling results is explored. The resulting combustion products, as a result of adding these new MDAP to the ethanol-gasoline blends, are measured and added to the well-to-wheel LCA focused on GWP100, Cumulative Energy Demand and Eco-indicator'99. MDAP production eco-environmental impacts are estimated based on their chemical structure. To assess the potentials for new types of emission compounds we have used molecular dynamics simulations. The combination of bioethanol and gasoline introduces two leading toxic components in the urban atmosphere as potentially toxic mixtures: acetaldehyde and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were established. The PAHs are found in combusted gasoline and are virtually absent in emissions of bioethanol. Bioethanol however, contributes with acetaldehyde, which is a potential carcinogen. In this study, we have studied the dynamics of particle formation between acetaldehyde and phenanthrene, which is a PAH found at high concentrations in generic fossil fuel emissions. Our analysis resolves the interaction of these two main emission toxic components at the molecular level in virtual chambers of 300 to 700K, under standard atmospheric conditions and under high pressure and temperature from the engine and exhaust pipe and also reveals their interaction with environmental humidity, modelled as single-point charged water molecules. The results show so far that PAHs and phenanthrene can combine in the water phase and form aqueous nanoparticles, which can be easily absorbed in the lungs through respiration. Water droplets in moisture become potential carriers of PAHs to the exposed subjects by forming non-covalent bonds with acetaldehyde, which in turn binds phenanthrene via its hydrophobic group.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

ethanol; gasoline; blends

PL

mieszanki; etanol; benzyna

• Wydawca: Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: nr 204
• Strony: 54--67
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 20 poz., rys., wykr., zdj.

Twórcy

autor

Andersen O.

• Stiftinga Vestlandsforsking/Western Norway Research Institute, Sogndal, Norway

autor

Manzetti S.

• Fjordforsk AS, NanoLab, Vangsnes 6894, Norway

autor

Hung C.

• Christine Hung Consulting, Bergen, Norway

autor

Czerwiński J.

• University of Applied Sciences, Biel-Bienne, Laboratory for IC-Engines and Exhaust Emission Control, Nidau, Switzerland

autor

Stępień Z.

• Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (Oil and Gas Institute - National Research Institute), Kraków, Poland

autor

Oleksiak S.

• Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (Oil and Gas Institute - National Research Institute), Kraków, Poland

autor

Andrae A.

• Huawei Technologies Sweden AB, Kista, Sweden

Bibliografia

• [1] Andersen O.: (2013a). Unintended Consequences of Renewable Energy. Problems to be Solved. Springer London, London.
• [2] Andersen O.: (2013b). Biodiesel and its Blending into Fossil Diesel. In: Unintended Consequences of Renewable Energy. Problems to be Solved. Springer London, London, pp. 55-70.
• [3] Andrae A. S.: (2015). Method based on market changes for improvement of comparative attributional life cycle assessments. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20(2), 263-275.
• [4] Argonne National Laboratory, GREET model, http://greet.es.anl.gov/
• [5] Brook R. D., Rajagopalan S., Pope C. A.: (2010) Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Hearth Association. Circulation, 121: 2331-2378.
• [6] Costagliola M. A., De Simio L., Iannaccone S., Prati M. V.: (2013) Combustion efficiency and engine out emissions of a S.I. engine fueled with alcohol/gasoline blends. Appl Energy 111:1162-71.
• [7] Daystar J., Treasure T., Reeb C., Venditti R., Gonzalez R., Kelley S.: (2015) Environmental impacts of bioethanol using the NREL biochemical conversion route: multivariate analysis and single score results. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining.
• [8] Hammond G. P., Kallu S., McManus M. C.: (2008). Development of biofuels for the UK automotive market. Applied Energy, 85:506-515.
• [9] Hong Y. C., Lee J. T., Kim H., Kwon H. J.: (2002). Air pollution: a new risk factor in ischemic stroke mortality. Stroke, 33:2165-2169.
• [10] López-Aparicio S., Hak C.: (2013). Evaluation of the use of bioethanol fuelled buses based on ambient air pollution screening and on-road measurements. SciTotal Environ, 452: 40-9.
• [11] Manzetti S., Andersen O.: (2015a). A molecular dynamics analysis of the nanoparticle forming dynamics of acetaldehyde and phenanthrene from bioethanol fuel combustion. Implications for lung toxicity from bioethanol fuel blends. Submitted.
• [12] Manzetti S., Andersen O. (2015b). A review of emission products from bioethanol and its blends with gasoline. Background for new guidelines for emission control. Fuel 140:293-301.
• [13] Manzetti S., Andersen O., Czerwinski J.: (2011). Biodiesel, Fossil Diesel and their Blends: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. In: Biodiesel: Blends, Properties and Applications. Nova Publishers, pp. 41-68.
• [14] Martin E. W., Chester M. V., Vergara S. E.: (2015). Attributional and Consequential Life-cycle Assessment in Biofuels: a Review of Recent Literature in the Context of System Boundaries. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports, 2(3), pp. 82-89.
• [15] Pronk S., Pall S., Schulz R., Larsson P., Bjelkmar P., Apostolov R., et al.: (2013). GROMACS 4.5: a high-throughput and highly parallel open source molecular simulation toolkit. Bioinformatics, 29:845-854.
• [16] Sauer M. L., Ollis D. F.: (1996). Photocatalyzed oxidation of ethanol and acetaldehyde in humidified air. J Catal, 158:570-82.
• [17] Seinfeld J. H., Pandis SN (2012). Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. John Wiley & Sons.
• [18] Tang L., Nagashima T., Hasegawa K., Ohara T., Sudo K., Itsubo N.: (2015). Development of human health damage factors for PM2.5 based on a global chemical transport model. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, pp. 1-11.
• [19] Wernet G., Hellweg S., Fischer U., Papadokonstantakis S., Hungerbuhler K.: (2008). Molecular-structure-based models of chemical inventories using neural networks. Environmental science & technology, 42(17), pp. 6717-6722.
• [20] Wernet G., Papadokonstantakis S., Hellweg S., Hungerbuhler K.: (2009). Bridging data gaps in environmental assessments: Modelling impacts of fine and basic chemical production. Green Chemistry, 11(11), pp. 1826-1831.