Determining hotspots of sonar targets related to chemical munitions dumped in Bornholm Deep and Gotland Deep using GIS

• Autorzy: Majcher J. , Grabowski M. , Bełdowski J.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

According to the Helsinki Commission report from 1994 around 15000 tonnes of chemical warfare agents were dumped to the Baltic Sea after World War II as part of the demilitarization process of the former Nazi Germany. Continuing corrosion of metal encasements makes the dumped munitions a ticking time-bomb, which could potentially harm the whole Baltic Basin. The presented work addresses important aspects for a proper evaluation of the threat; side scan sonar survey data storage and analysis of a spatial distribution of the sonar targets potentially related to chemical weapons. The chosen software environment was GIS oriented. ESRI ArcGIS built-in tools were used to determine the hotspots of the targets on the official post-war munitions dumping sites; Gotland Deep and Bornholm Deep. The automation process of mapping in GIS was also proposed. Therefore, a holistic approach for digital mapping of the sonar targets related to dumped munitions was created.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

chemical warfare agents; side scan sonar; geographic information system

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne. Oddział Gdański
• Czasopismo: Hydroacoustics
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: Vol. 20
• Strony: 121--128
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 10 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Majcher J.

• University of Gdańsk Jana Bażyńskiego 8, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland

autor

Grabowski M.

• Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences Powstanców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland

autor

Bełdowski J.

• Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences Powstanców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] HELCOM CHEMU, Report on chemical munitions dumped in the Baltic Sea – report to the 16th Meeting of Helsinki Commission, 8- 11 March 1994, from the Ad Hoc Working Group on Dumped Chemical Munition (HELCOM CHEMU), Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 1994.
• [2] J. Bełdowski, J. Fabisiak, S. Popiel, A. Östin, U. Olsson, P. Vanninen, A. Lastumäki, T. Lang, N. Fricke, M. Brenner, R. Berglind, J. Baršiene, Z. Klusek, B. Pączek, M. Söderström, K. Lehtonen, M. Szubska, G. Garnaga, V. Malejevas, H. Koskela, J. Michalak, R. Turja, M. Halme, T. Sandström, U. Bickmeyer, K. Broeg, D. Sahovic, A. Olejnik, J. Fidler, Chemical Munitions Search & Assessment—An evaluation of the dumped munitions problem in the Baltic Sea, Elsevier, 2015.
• [3] J. Beldowski, M. Szubska, E. Emalyanov, G. Garnaga, A. Drzewinska, M. Beldowska, P. Vanninen, A. Ostin , J. Fabisiak, Arsenic concentrations in Baltic Sea sediments close to chemical munitions dumpsites, Deep-Sea Res Pt Ii 128, Pages 114-122, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.001, 2016b.
• [4] J. Beldowski, Z. Klusek, M. Szubska, R. Turja, Al. Bulczak, D. Rak, M. Brenner, T. Lang, L. Kotwicki, K. Grzelak, J. Jakacki, N. Fricke, A. Ostin, U. Olsson, J. Fabisiak, G. Garnaga, J. R. Nyholm, P. Majewski, K. Broeg, M. Soderstrom, P. Vanninen, S. Popiel, J. Nawala, K. Lehtonen, R. Berglind, B. Schmidt, Chemical Munitions Search & AssessmentAn evaluation of the dumped munitions problem in the Baltic Sea, Deep-Sea Res Pt Ii 128, Pages 85-95, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.01.017, 2016a.
• [5] K. A. Korotenko, Chemical Weapons Dumped In The Baltic Sea: Facts, Tendency And Prediction Of Level And Scales Of Possible Ecological Disaster. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Moscow, 2000.
• [6] M. Grabowski, S. Fioravanti, R. Been, F. Cernich, V. Malejevas, Suitability Study of Survey Equipment Used in the MODUM Project. In: Bełdowski J., Been R., Turmus E., (eds) Towards the Monitoring of Dumped Munitions Threat (MODUM), NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Springer, Pages 19-47, doi:10.1007/978-94- 024-1153-9_2, Dordrecht, 2018.
• [7] M. H. Edwards, S. M. Shjegstad, R. Wilkens, J. C. King, G. Carton, D. Bala, B. Bingham, M.C. Bissonnette, C. Briggs, N.S. Bruso, R. Camilli, M. Cremer, R. B. Davis, E. H. DeCarlo, C. DuVal, D. J. Fornari, I. Kaneakua-Pia, C. D. Kelley, S. Koide, C. L. Mah, T. Kerby, G. K. Kurras , M. R. Rognstad, L. Sheild, J. Silva, B. Wellington, M. Van Woerkom, The Hawaii Undersea Military Munitions Assessment, Deep Sea Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, Vol. 128, Pages 4–13, 2016.
• [8] T. Knobloch, J. Bełdowski, C. Böttcher, M. Söderström, N. P. Rühl, J. Sternheim Chemical Munitions Dumped in the Baltic Sea. Report of the ad hoc Expert Group to Update and Review the Existing Information on Dumped Chemical Munitions in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM MUNI), Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings, 2013.
• [9] T. Missaien, V. Paka, E. Emalyanov, Modelling of Ecological Risk Related to SeaDumped Chemical Weapons: Synthesis report of the available data, http://mercw.org/images/stories/pdf/synthesis_d2.1.pdf (last accessed: 19.05.2017), 2008.
• [10] Z. Klusek, M. Grabowski, Results of Acoustic Research in the CM Deploying Areas. In: Bełdowski J., Been R., Turmus E., (eds) Towards the Monitoring of Dumped Munitions Threat (MODUM), NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1153-9_3, Pages 49 – 70, Dordrecht, 2018.

Uwagi

PL

Opracowanie w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2018).