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Properties of cartographic modelling under contemporary definitions of a map

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EN
Abstrakty
EN
The identity of cartography is determined by the manner of defining and interpreting the concept of “map”. However, the term has not been unequivocally articulated as yet. There are many different definitions of maps available in literature - from those viewing map as a scaled-down, planar, graphic representation of geographical space, to those that equate a map to a specific model that is independent of the form of its presentation. Interestingly enough, the basis of such universal treatment of the map concept can be found already in the scientific works from the 1960s. Although contemporary definitions do not limit a map to a single form of presentation, such over-simplification still persists. The issue has become very relevant given the rapidly increasing number of diverse geospatial applications designed to access spatial data and present it in diverse forms. So far, however, there are no clear rules for categorizing a given representation as cartographic or non-cartographic. And this often gives rise to various misconceptions, e.g. regarding the role and responsibilities of cartography as science and practical activity. According to the authors of the article, a map is an ordered informational structure shaped by the years of practical experience and research in the field of cartography. Map arising in the process of cartographic modelling is understood as one of many possible models of the portrayed space. The model is formed in the course of thought processes, including abstraction and generalization in particular. Creation of the model involves the use of symbolism that can be decoded by the recipient.This does not mean, however, that the process of symbolization is limited exclusively to graphical representations. Map is also a tool for presenting spatial information in a visual, digital or tactile way. Therefore, the essence of map is determined by its “model” nature rather than the format of the cartographic message. The authors have assumed that map is formed in the process of cartographic modelling and certain properties of the process can be defined, that distinguish it from other methods of spatial modelling. The properties recognized as characteristic for cartographic modelling include space portraying that enables identification of types of objects and phenomena, describing spatial relationships between objects, as well as their positioning in the applied reference system. In the authors’ opinion, properties of cartographic modelling include also the intentional application of a specific level of generalization determined by the objective of the map, aware authorship of the message, unambiguity of communication and symbolization based on knowledge. The proposed approach should facilitate the classification of different products designed to represent space.
Rocznik
Strony
91--100
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 30 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
  • Institute of Geodesy and Cartography
autor
  • Warsaw University of Technology, Department of Cartography
autor
  • Warsaw University of Technology, Department of Cartography
Bibliografia
  • Berlant A.M., 1985, Integracija kartografičeskogo i aérokosmičeskogo metodov. „Geografija i prirodnye resursy” No. 4.
  • Berlant A.M., 1993, Geoprzedstawienia i geoikonika. „Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” T. 25, nr 3, pp. 105-113.
  • Board C., 1967, Maps as a models. In: Models in Geography. Eds. R.J. Chorley and P. Haggett. London: Methuen, pp. 671-725.
  • Board C., 1990, Report of the Working Group for Cartographic Definitions, International Cartographic Association.
  • Cartwright N., 1983, How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Czerny A., 1993, Cartographic model of reality. Structure and properties. „Geographical Studies”, Special Issue No. 7, Ossolineum, 77 pp.
  • Gołaski J., 1973, Funkcjonalno strukturalna koncepcja pojęcia mapy. „Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” T. 5, nr 1, pp. 7-12.
  • Gołaski J., 1984, Wokół definicji przekazu kartograficznego. „Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” T. 16, nr 4, pp. 172-176.
  • Gołaski J., 1998, Mapy pomiędzy pismem, obrazem i elektronicznymi środkami informacji, „Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” T. 30, nr 4, pp. 251-259.
  • Gotlib D., 2011, Metodyka prezentacji kartograficznych w mobilnych systemach lokalizacyjnych i nawigacyjnych. „Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej - Geodezja” Z. 48, 158 pp.
  • Grygorenko W., 1982, Cybernetyczny model przekazu kartograficznego. „Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” T. 14, nr 2, pp. 67-78.
  • Hacking I, 1983, Representing and Intervening. Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hake G., 1973, Kartographie und Kommunikation. „Kartographische Nachrichten” Bd. 23, pp. 137-148.
  • Kraak, M.-J., Ormeling F.J., 1996, Cartography, the Visualization of Spatial Data. London: Addison Wesley Longman.
  • Koláčný A., 1969, Cartographic information: A fundamental concept and term in modern cartography. ”The Cartographic Journal” Vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 47-49.
  • Makowski A., 2001, Trójdzielna jedność mapy na tle idei systemu informacji przestrzennej. „Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” T. 33, nr 1, pp. 38-42.
  • Makowski A., 2005a, Ontogeneza mapy. In: System informacji topograficznej kraju. Ed. A. Makowski. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, pp. 19-41.
  • Makowski A., 2005b, Pojęcie mapy. In: System informacji topograficznej kraju. Ed. A. Makowski. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, pp. 42-48.
  • Makowski A., 2005c, Spór o mapę. Wprowadzenie do pojęcia mapy. In: Projektowanie i redakcja map. Eds. W. Pawlak, W. Spallek. Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, pp. 65-72.
  • Makowski A., 2006, Definicja kartografii (propozycja). In: Świat techniki w kartografii. Eds. W. Pawlak, W. Spallek. Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, pp. 40-44.
  • Multilingual Dictionary of Technical Terms in Cartography, 1973, International Cartographic Association, Commission II. Definition, Classification and Standardization of Technical Terms in Cartography. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner Verlag, 473 pp.
  • Ostrowski J., 1984, Podstawowe koncepcje teoretyczne i stanowiska metodologiczne we współczesnej kartografii. „Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” T. 16, nr 4, pp. 157-172.
  • Pickles J., 1992, Text, hermeneutics and propaganda maps. In: Writing Worlds: Discourse and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape. Eds. Barns and J.S. Duncan. London: Routledge, 1992.
  • Ratajski L., 1972, Struktura kartologii i jej problematyka badawcza. „Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” T. 4, nr 2 , s. 49-55.
  • Salistchev K.A., 1967, Einführung in die Kartographie. Bd. 1, Gotha–Leipzig: VEB Hermann Haack.
  • Thrower N., 1996, Maps and Civilization. Cartography in Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Internet sources
  • [1] ICA - http://icaci.org/mission/
  • [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map
  • [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scientific_modelling
  • [4] Portal Wiedzy Onet.Wiem - http://portalwiedzy. onet.pl/65000, modelowanie,haslo.html
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-519da104-1aae-4a37-94fa-1ae2f06c2ca2
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