Buta-1,3-dien : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

• Autorzy: Kilanowicz A. , Sitarek K. , Skrzypińska-Gawrysiak M.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0012.6495

Warianty tytułu

EN

Buta-1,3-diene : documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Buta-1,3-dien jest gazem stosowanym do produkcji żywic termoplastycznych i elastomerów kauczuku i lateksu. Buta-1,3-dien wchłania się głównie w układzie oddechowym, a następnie jest metabolizowany do monoepoksydu – 1,2-epoksybut-3-enu i diepoksydu – 1,2:3,4-diepoksybutanu, a po ich sprzężeniu z glutationemjest wydalany z moczem. Z danych Centralnego Rejestru o Narażeniu na Substancje, Mieszaniny, Czynniki lub Procesy Technologiczne o Działaniu Rakotwórczym lub Mutagennym wynika, że w 2015 r. liczba narażonych na ten związek w Polsce wynosiła 958 osób i dodatkowo około 200 było narażonych na substancje ropopochodne, których działanie rakotwórcze jest uzależnione od buta-1,3-dienu. Według danych stacji sanitarno-epidemiologicznych w 2013 r. oraz 2016 r. nie zanotowano w polskim przemyśle narażenia pracowników na buta-1,3-dien o stężeniu większym niż 4,4 mg/m3, czyli przekraczającym obowiązującą wartość NDS. Buta-1,3-dien w małych stężeniach jest łagodnym czynnikiem narkotycznym dla ludzi, natomiast u osób zawodowo narażonych na ten związek stwierdzano objawy jego działania drażniącego na błony śluzowe oczu i dróg oddechowych. Buta-1,3-dien jest substancją o niewielkiej toksyczności ostrej dla zwierząt (wartość LC50 dla szczurów wynosi 270 000 mg/m3). Substancja ta jest mutagenna i genotoksyczna, może powodować uszkodzenia materiału genetycznego komórek somatycznych i komórek płciowych. Wykazano, że buta-1,3-dien jest czynnikiem rakotwórczym dla myszy B6C3F1 i szczurów. Istnieją również dowody epidemiologiczne świadczące o tym, że narażenie zawodowe na buta-1,3-dien jest związane z ryzykiem powstawania nowotworów układu limfohematopoetycznego. Według klasyfikacji IARC buta-1,3-dien jest zaliczany do grupy 1, czyli czynników rakotwórczych dla ludzi, a wg klasyfikacji ACGIH do grupy A2, czyli substancji podejrzanych o działanie rakotwórcze na ludzi. W Europie buta-1,3-dien jest zaklasyfikowany do kategorii 1A czynników rakotwórczych i do kategorii 1B czynników mutagennych. Buta-1,3-dien nie powoduje zaburzeń płodności, a jego działanie teratogenne ujawniło się tylko wówczas, gdy zastosowane dawki były toksyczne dla matek. W dyrektywie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) dla buta-1,3-dienu podano wartości dopuszczalnego stężenia wiążącego (BOELV) na poziomie 2,2 mg/m3. Dyrektywa wejdzie w życie w państwach członkowskich UE 17 stycznia 2020 r. Zaproponowano przyjęcie wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) buta-1,3-dienu w powietrzu środowiska pracy na poziomie 2,2 mg/m3 oraz następujące wskaźniki dopuszczalnego stężenia w materiale biologicznym (DSB): –– 1,6 mg 1,2-dihydroksy-4-(N-acetylocysteino-S-ylo)butanu/g kreatyniny w moczu, mierzone nazakończenie zmiany roboczej –– 2,1 pmol/g Hb – addukty hemoglobiny: mieszanina N-[1-(hydroksymetylo)prop-2-enylo]waliny iN-(2-hydroksybut-3-enylo)waliny we krwi obrazujące narażenie w okresie ostatnich 120 dni. Normatyw ten dodatkowo oznaczono „Carc. 1A” – substancja o udowodnionym działaniu rakotwórczym dla człowieka i „Muta. 1B” – substancja, która jest rozpatrywana jako mutagenna dla człowieka. Nie znaleziono podstaw do wyznaczenia wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh) buta-1,3-dienu. Oszacowane dodatkowe ryzyko powstania białaczki przy 40-letnim okresie narażenia na buta-1,3-dien o stężeniu 2,2 mg/m3 wynosi 8 10-7, jest więc małe w porównaniu z ryzykiem dla populacji generalnej w Polsce, które wynosi 7,15 10-5.

EN

Buta-1,3-diene is a gas used in the production of thermoplastic resins, elastomers and synthetic rubber. Buta-1,3-diene is absorbed mainly in the respiratory tract and then metabolized to monoepoxide – 1,2-epoxybut- -3-ene and diepoxide – 1.2:3,4 diepoxybutane, and after their conjugation with glutathione is excreted with urine. According to data from the Central Registry on Exposure to Substances, Mixtures, Agents or Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Technological Processes, in 2015 the number of people exposed to buta-1,3-diene in Poland was 958 and additionally about 200 were exposed to petroleum substances which carcinogenic effect is depending on the buta-1,3-diene. According to data from sanitary-epidemiological stations, in Poland in 2013 and 2016, there were no workers exposed to buta-1,3-diene at levels exceeding maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of 4.4 mg/m3 . Buta-1,3-diene in small concentrations is a mild narcotic agent for humans, while for occupationally xposed workers it has irritating properties to the mucous membranes of the eyes and airways. Buta-1,3-diene is a substance with low acute toxicity to animals (LC50 value for rats is 270 000 mg/m3 ). This substance is mutagenic and genotoxic, it can cause damage to the genetic material of somatic and germ cells. It has been proved that buta-1,3-diene is carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice and rats. There is also epidemiological evidence that occupational exposure to buta-1,3-diene is associated with the risk of a cancer of a lymphohematopoietic system. According to the IARC classification, buta-1,3-diene is included in group 1, i.e., carcinogenic substances for humans, and according to ACGIH classification to group A2, i.e., substances suspected to be carcinogenic for humans. In Europe, buta-1,3-diene is classified in Cat. 1A. carcinogens and Cat. 1B. mutagenic compounds. Buta-1,3-diene does not cause fertility disturbances, and its teratogenic effects appeared when doses were toxic to mothers only. In Directive 2017/2398 of the European Parliament and of Council (EU) 2017/2398 of 12 December 2017 amending Directive 2004/37/EC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work for buta-1,3-diene, binding occupational exposure limit value (BOELV) was at the level of 2.2 mg/m3 (Official Journal of the EU L 345 of 27/12/2017, p. 87). The directive will be in force in the EU Member States on January 17, 2020. It was proposed to adopt the value of the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of the buta-1,3-diene at the level of 2.2 mg/m3 and the following values of the biological exposure indices (BEI): – 1.6 mg of 1,2-dihydroxy-4-(N-acetyl-cystein- -S-yl)butane/g creatinine in urine measured at the end of working shift – 2.1 pmol/g Hb - hemoglobin adducts: mixture of N-[1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enyl]valine and N-(2-hydroxybut-3-enyl)valine in blood showing exposure for the last 120 days. This standard is additionally marked Carc. 1A – a substance with proven carcinogenic effect for humans and Muta. 1B – a substance that is considered mutagenic for humans. There is no evidence for establishing STEL value for buta-1,3-diene. The estimated additional risk of leukemia during the 40-year exposure to buta-1,3-diene at a concentration of 2.2 mg/m3 is 8×10-7, it is lower than the risk for the general population in Poland, which is 7.15×10-5.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

buta-1,3-dien; toksyczność; narażenie zawodowe; NDS; DSB

EN

buta-1,3-diene; toxicity; occupational exposure; MAC; BEI

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2018
• Tom: Nr 4 (98)
• Strony: 43--85
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 171 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Kilanowicz A.

• Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 90-151 Łódź ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1

autor

Sitarek K.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8

autor

Skrzypińska-Gawrysiak M.

• Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 90-151 Łódź ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1

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Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2019).