Pedestrian dynamic response and injury risk in high speed vehicle crashes

• Autorzy: Nie Jin , Lv Xiaojiang , Li Kui , Li Guibing , Huang Xing

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.37190/ABB-02124-2022-02

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The purpose of the current study is to understand pedestrian kinematics, biomechanical response and injury risk in high speed vehicle crashes. Methods: Vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes at the impact speeds of 40 km/h (reference set) and 70 km/h (analysis set) were simulated employing FE models of a sedan front and an SUV front together with a pedestrian FE model developed using hollow structures. The predictions from crash simulations of different vehicle types and impact speeds were compared and analyzed. Results: In crashes at 70 km/h, pedestrian head-vehicle contact velocity is by about 20–30% higher than the vehicle impact speed, the peak head angular velocity exceeds 100 rad/s and is close to the instant of head-vehicle contact, brain strain appears two peaks and the second peak (after head contact) is obviously higher than the first (before head contact), and AIS4+ head injury risk is above 50%, excessive thorax compression induces rib fractures and lung compression, both sedan and SUV cases show a high risk (>70%) of AIS3 + thorax injury, and the risk of AIS4 + thorax injury is lower than 40% in the sedan case and higher than 50% for the SUV case. Conclusions: Pedestrians in vehicle crashes at 70 km/h have a higher AIS3 + /AIS4 + head and thorax injury risk, high vehicle impact speed is more easily to induce a high head angular velocity at the instant of head-vehicle contact, brain strain is strongly associated with the combined effect of head rotational velocity and acceleration, and pedestrian thorax injury risk is more sensitive to vehicle impact speed than the head.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

pedestrian kinematics; pedestrian biomechanical response; injury risk; high speed vehicle crash

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
• Czasopismo: Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: Vol. 24, no. 3
• Strony: 57--67
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 29 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Nie Jin

• Loudi Vocational and Technical College, Loudi, China.

autor

Lv Xiaojiang

• Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology, Geely Automobile Research Institute, Ningbo, China.

autor

Li Kui

• Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vehicle Crash/Bio-Impact and Traffic Safety, Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.

autor

Li Guibing

• School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China.

autor

Huang Xing

• Medical Imaging Center, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China.

Bibliografia

• [1] C-NCAP. C-NCAP Management Regulation (2021 Version). China New Car Assessment Programme. China Automotive Technology and Research Center, 2020.
• [2] Euro-NCAP. Assessment Protocol-Vulnerable Road User Protection, Version 10.0.3. European New Car Assessment Programme, 2020.
• [3] GENNARELLI T., OMMAYA A., THIBAULT L., Comparison of translational and rotational head motions in experimental cerebral concussion, SAE Technical Paper, No. 710882, 1971.
• [4] GENNARELLI T., THIBAULT L., OMMAYA A., Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and translational accelerations of the head, SAE Technical Paper, No. 720970, 1972.
• [5] HAN Y., YANG J., NISHIMOTO K., MIZUNO K., MATSUI Y., NAKANE D., WANAMI S., HITOSUGI M., Finite element analysis of kinematic behaviour and injuries to pedestrians in vehicle collisions, Int. J. Crashworthiness, 2012, 17 (2), 141–152.
• [6] KERRIGAN J., CRANDALL J., DENG B., A comparative analysis of the pedestrian injury risk predicted by mechanical impactors and post mortem human surrogates, Stapp Car Crash J., 2008, 52 (1), 527–567.
• [7] KUPPA S., EPPINGER R., MCKOY F., NGUYEN T., PINTAR F., YOGANANDAN N., Development of side impact thoracic injury criteria and their application to the modified ES-2 dummy with rib extensions (ES-2re), Stapp Car Crash J., 2003, 47, 189–210.
• [8] LAU I., VIANO D., The viscous criterion-bases and applications of an injury severity index for soft tissues, SAE Technical Paper, No. 861882, 1986. Pedestrian dynamic response and injury risk in high speed vehicle crashes 67
• [9] LI G., MA H., GUAN T., GAO G., Predicting safer vehicle front-end shapes for pedestrian lower limb protection via a numerical optimization framework, Int. J. Auto. Tech.-Kor., 2020, 21 (3), 749–756.
• [10] LI G., MENG H., LIU J., ZOU D., LI K., A novel modeling approach for finite element human body models with high computational efficiency and stability: application in pedestrian safety analysis, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2021, 21 (2), 21–30.
• [11] LI G., TAN Z., LV X., REN L., Numerical reconstruction of injuries in a real world minivan-to-pedestrian collision, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2019, 21 (2), 21–30.
• [12] LI G., WANG F., OTTE D., CAI Z., SIMMS C., Have pedestrian subsystem tests improved passenger car front shape?, Accid. Anal. Prev., 2018, 115, 143–150.
• [13] LI G., WANG F., OTTE D., SIMMS C., Characteristics of pedestrian head injuries observed from real world collision data, Accid. Anal. Prev., 2019, 129, 362–366.
• [14] LSTC. LS-DYNA keyword user’s manual, version 971. Livermore Software Technology Corporation Livermore, United States of America, 2007.
• [15] MO F., LUO D., TAN Z., SHANG B., ZHOU D., A human active lower limb model for Chinese pedestrian safety evaluation, J. Bionic. Eng., 2021, 18 (4), 872–886.
• [16] MO F., ARNOUX P.J., CESARI D., MASSON C., Investigation of the injury threshold of knee ligaments by the parametric study of car-pedestrian impact conditions, Saf. Sci., 2014, 62, 58–67.
• [17] NCAC. National Crash Analysis Center Vehicle Model Library, http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/vml/models.html, 2014 [accessed: 16 September 2014].
• [18] NIE B., ZHOU Q., Can new passenger cars reduce pedestrian lower extremity injury? A review of geometrical changes of front-end design before and after regulatory efforts, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2016, 17 (7), 712–719.
• [19] NIE J., LI G., YANG J., A study of fatality risk and head dynamic response of cyclist and pedestrian based on passenger car accident data analysis and simulations, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2015, 16 (1), 76–83.
• [20] PAAS R., DAVIDSSON J., BROLIN K., Head kinematics and shoulder biomechanics in shoulder impacts similar to pedestrian crashes-a THUMS study, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2015, 16, 498–506.
• [21] PENG Y., YANG J., DECK C., WILLINGER R., Finite element modeling of crash test behavior for windshield laminated glass, Int. J. Impact Eng., 2013, 57 (7), 27–35.
• [22] ROSÉN E., SANDER U., Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed, Accid Anal. Prev., 2009, 41 (3), 536–542.
• [23] SCATTINA A., MO F., MASSON C., AVALLE M., ARNOUX P., Analysis of the influence of passenger vehicles front-end design on pedestrian lower extremity injuries by means of the LLMS model, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2018, 19 (5), 535–541.
• [24] STRANDROTH J., STERNLUND S., LIE A., TINGVALL C., RIZZI M., KULLGREN A., OHLIN M., FREDRIKSSON R., Correlation between Euro-NCAP pedestrian test results and injury severity in injury crashes with pedestrians and bicyclists in Sweden, Stapp Car Crash J., 2014, 58, 213–231.
• [25] TAKHOUNTS E., CRAIG M., MOORHOUSE K., MCFADDEN J., HASIJA V., Development of brain injury criteria (BrIC), Stapp Car Crash J., 2013, 57, 243–266.
• [26] VIANO D., Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact, SAE Technical Paper No. 892432, 1989.
• [27] WANG F., YU C., WANG B., LI G., MILLER K., WITTEK A., Prediction of pedestrian brain injury due to vehicle impact using computational biomechanics models: Are head-only models sufficient?, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2020, 21 (1), 102–107.
• [28] WATANABE R., KATSUHARA T., MIYAZAKI H., KITAGAWA Y., YASUKI T., Research of the relationship of pedestrian injury to collision speed, car-type, impact location and pedestrian sizes using human FE model (THUMS version 4), Stapp Car Crash J., 2012, 56, 269–321.
• [29] WHO. Global status report on road safety 2018: Summary (No.WHO/NMH/NVI/18.20), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.