Tectonic control of cave developmen t: a case study of the Bystra Valley in the Tatra Mts., Poland

Szczygieł, J.; Gaidzik, K.; Kicińska, D.

doi:10.14241/asgp.2015.015

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Tectonic control of cave developmen t: a case study of the Bystra Valley in the Tatra Mts., Poland

Autorzy

Szczygieł J. , Gaidzik K. , Kicińska D.

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.14241/asgp.2015.015

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Tectonic research and morphological observations were carried out in six caves (Kalacka, Goryczkowa, Kasprowa Niżna, Kasprowa Średnia, Kasprowa Wyżnia and Magurska) in the Bystra Valley, in the Tatra Mountains. There are three cave levels, with the youngest active and the other two inactive, reflecting development partly under epiphreatic and partly under phreatic conditions. These studies demonstrate strong control of the cave pattern by tectonic features, including faults and related fractures that originated or were rejuvenated during uplift, lasting from the Late Miocene. In a few local cases, the cave passages are guided by the combined influence of bedding, joints and fractures in the hinge zone of a chevron anticline. That these cave passages are guided by tectonic structures, irrespective of lithological differences, indicates that these proto-conduits were formed by “tectonic inception”. Differences in the cave pattern between the phreatic and epiphreatic zones at a given cave level may be a result of massif relaxation. Below the bottom of the valley, the effect of stress on the rock mass is related to the regional stress field and only individual faults extend below the bottom of the valley. Thus in the phreatic zone, the flow is focused and a single conduit becomes enlarged. The local extension is more intense in the epiphreatic zone above the valley floor and more fractures have been sufficiently extended to allow water to flow. The water migrates along a network of fissures and a maze could be forming. Neotectonic displacements (of up to 15 cm), which are more recent than the passages, were also identified in the caves. Neotectonic activity is no longer believed to have as great an impact on cave morphology as previously was thought. Those faults with displacements of several metres, described as younger than the cave by other authors, should be reclassified as older faults, the surfaces of which have been exposed by speleogenesis. The possible presence of neotectonic faults with greater displacements is not excluded, but they would have had a much greater morphological impact than the observed features suggest.

Słowa kluczowe

Cave morphology speleogenesis tectonics neotectonics Tatra Mts. Western Carpathians

Wydawca

Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne

Czasopismo

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

Rocznik

2015

Tom

Vol. 85, No. 2

Strony

387--404

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 69 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Szczygieł J.

j_szczygiel@tlen.pl

Department of Fundamental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Gaidzik K.

krzysztof.gaidzik@us.edu.pl

Departamento de Geografía Física, Instituto of Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, 04510 Mexico, DF, Mexico
Department of Fundamental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Kicińska D.

kicinska@amu.edu.pl

Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Maków Polnych 16, 61-606 Poznań, Poland

Bibliografia

1. Audra, P. & Palmer, A. N., 2013. The vertical dimension of karst: Confrols of vertical cave patfern. In: Shroder, J. F. & Frumkin, A. (eds), Treatise on Geomorphology, Volume 6, Karst Geomorphology. Elsevier Inc., San Diego, pp. 186-206.
2. Bac-Moszaszwili, M., Burchart, J., Głazek, J., Iwanow, A., Jaroszewski, W., Kotański, Z., Lefeld, J., Mastella, L., Ozim- kowski, W., Roniewicz, P., Skupiński & Westfalewicz- Mogilska, E., 1979. Geological Map of the Polish Tatra Mts, 1:30000 scale. Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
3. Barczyk, G., 2003. Circulation in present-day karst systems sourcing the vaucluse springs in the Polish Tatra Mts., based on tracer methods and limnimetric observations. Geological Quarterly, 47: 97-106.
4. Baroň, I., Kernstocková, M., Faridi, M., Bubík, M., Milovský, R., Melichar, R. & Babůrek, J., 2013. Paleostress analysis of a gigantic gravitational mass movement in active tectonic setting: The Qoshadagh slope failure, Ahar, NW Iran. Tectonophysics, 605: 70-87.
5. Bartlett, W. L., Friedman, M. & Logan, J. M., 1981. Experimental folding and faulting of rocks under confining pressure. Part IX. Wrench faults in limestone layers. Tectonophysics, 79: 255-277.
6. Becker, A., Häuselmann, P., Eikenberg, J. & Gilli, E., 2012. Active tectonics and earthquake destructions in caves of northern and central Switzerland. International Journal of Speleology, 41: 35-49.
7. Briestensky, M., Stemberk, J., Michalik, J., Bella, P. & Rowberry, M., 2011. The use of a karstic cave system in a study of active tectonics: fault movements recorded at Karpaty Mts. (Slovakia). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 73: 114-123.
8. Burchart, J., 1970. Rocks of the Goryczkowa “crystalline island” in the Tatra Mountains. Studia Geologica Polonica, 32: 1-83. [In Polish, with English summary.]
9. Burchart, J., 1972. Fission-track age determinations of accessory apatite from Tatra Mts., Poland. Earth andPlanetary Science Letters, 15: 418-422.
10. Dąbrowski, T. & Głazek, J., 1968. Badania przepływów krasowych we wschodniej części Tatr Polskich. Speleologia, 3: 85-98. [In Polish.]
11. Dudziński, K., 2013. Pomiary w Jaskini Goryczkowej. Jaskinie, 70: 6-7. [In Polish.]
12. Faulkner, T., 2006. Tecfonic incepfion in Caledonide Marbles. Acta Carsologica, 35: 7-21.
13. Filipponi, M., Jeannin, P.-Y. & Tacher, L., 2009. Evidence of inception horizons in karst conduit networks. Geomorphology. 106: 86-99.
14. Ford, D. C. & Ewers, R. O., 1978. The development of limestone cave systems in the dimensions of length and depth. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 15: 1783-1798.
15. Fryś, P., Gradziński, M. & Kicińska, D., 2006. Development of Miętusia Cave, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland. Slovenský kras (Acta Carsologica Slovakia), 44: 55-69.
16. Gabrovšek, F., Häuselmann, P. & Audra, P., 2014. “Looping caves” verfus “water table caves”: The role of base-level changes and recharge variations in cave development. Geomorphology, 204: 683-691.
17. Głazek, J., 1997. Karst in the Tatra Mountains. In: Jeannin, P.-Y. (ed.), Proceedings of 12th International Congress of Speleology, Volume 1. International Union of Speleology, Basel, pp. 275 -278.
18. Goetel, W. & Sokołowski, S., 1930. Sur la tectonique de la zone subtatrique aux envifons de Zakopane. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 4: 1-69. [In Polish, with French summary.]
19. Gradziński, M. & Kicińska, D., 2002. Morphology of Czarna Cave and its significance for the geomorphological development of Kościeliska Valfey (Western Tatra Mts). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 72: 255-262.
20. Grodzicki, J., 1970. Le röle de la tectonique dans le genese des cavernes karstiques du massif Czerwone Wierchy (les Tatres Occidentales). Speleologia, 5: 33-48. [In Polish, with French summary.]
21. Grodzicki, J., 2002. Jaskinie Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego. Jaskinie Doliny Kondratowej, Bystrej, Goryczkowej, Kasprowej, Jaworzynki oraz Jaskinie Polskich Tatr Wysokich. Polskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk o Ziemi, Warszawa, 241 pp. [In Polish.]
22. Grodzicki, J. & Kardaś, R., 1989. Tectonics of the Czerwone Wierchy Massif in the light of observations in caves. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 59: 275-293. [In Polish, with English summary.]
23. Guzik, K. & Jaczynowska, W., 1978. Mapa geologiczna Tatr Polskich, 1:10 000, arkusz Kościelec (B4). Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa. [In Polish.]
24. Hercman, H., 1986. Pochodzenie allochtonicznych osadów Jaskini Magurskiej i Kasprowej Niżnej (Tatry) w świetle analizy minerałów ciężkich, Przegląd Geologiczny, 34: 100-103. [In Polish.]
25. Hercman, H., 1989. On the geology of the Magurska Cave (the High Tatra Mts., southern Poland). Kras i Speleologia, 6: 79-84. [In Polish, with English summary.]
26. Hercman, H., 1991. Reconstruction of geological environment on the Western Tatra Mts. based on isotopic dating of speleothems. Geochronometria, 8: 1-139. [In Polish, with English summary.]
27. Hercman, H., 2000. Reconstruction of paleoclimatic changes in central Europe between 10 and 200 thousand years BP, based on analysis of growth frequency of speleothems. Studia Quarteraria, 17: 35-70.
28. Häuselmann, P., Jeannin, P. Y. & Monbaron, M., 2003. Role of epiphreatic flow and soutirages in conduit morphogenesis: the Bärenschacht example (BE, Switzerland). Zeitschriftfür Geomorphologie, 47: 171-190.
29. Jaglarz, P. & Rychliński, T. 2010. Remarks on nomenclature of Triassic carbonate rocks from the Tatra Mts. Przegląd Geologiczny 58: 327-334 [In Polish, with English summary.]
30. Jurewicz, E., 2005. Geodynamic evolution of the Tatra Mts and the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Western Carpathians): problems and comments. Acta Geologica Polonica, 55: 295-338.
31. Kao, H. & Chen, W. P., 2013. The Chi-Chi Earthquake Sequence: Active, out-of-sequence thrust faulting in Taiwan. Science, 288: 2346-2349.
32. Kicińska, D., 2002. Kenozoiczna ewolucja cyrkulacji wód krasowych w Tatrach Zachodnich. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 103 pp. [In Polish.]
33. Klimchouk, A. & Ford, D., 2000. Litologic and structural controls of dissolutional cave development. In: Klimchouk, A., Ford, D., Palmer, A. N. & Dreybrodt, W. (eds), Speleogenesis: Evolution of Karst Aquifers. International Union of Speleology, National Speleological Society, Huntsville, pp. 54-64.
34. Kotański, Z., 1959. Profile stratygraficzne serii wierchowej Tatr Polskich. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 139: 1-160. [In Pol ish.]
35. Kotański, Z., 1961. Tectogénese et reconstitotion de la paléogéographie de la zone haut-tatrique dans les Tatras. Acta Geologica Polonica, 11: 187-396. [In Polish, with French summary.]
36. Králiková, S., Vojtko, R., Sliva, U., Minár, J., Fügenschuh, B., Kováč, M. & Hók, J., 2014. Creiaceous - Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians): constraints from structural, sedimeniary, geomorphological, and fission track data. Geologia Carpathica, 65: 307-326.
37. Lefeld, J., Gaździcki, A., Iwanow, A., Krajewski, K. & Wójcik, K., 1985. Jurassic and Cretaceous lithostratigraphic units of the Tatra Mountains. Studia Geologica Polonica, 84: 1-93.
38. Lindner, L., Dzierżek, J., Marciniak, B. & Nitychoruk, J., 2003. Outline of Quaternary glaciations in the Tatra Mts.: their development, age and limits. Geological Quarterly, 47: 269-280.
39. Lowe, D. J. & Gunn, J., 1997. Carbonate speleogenesis: An inception horizon hypothesis. Acta Carsologica, 26: 457-488.
40. Luty, I., 1979. Jaskinia Kasprowa Wyżnia. Refrieved from http:// geoportal.pgi.gov.pl/portal/page/portal/jaskinie_polski [In Polish; 26.10.2013.]
41. Luty, I., 2000a. Jaskinia Kasprowa Średnia. Retrieved from http:// geoportal.pgi.gov.pl/portal/page/portal/jaskinie_polski [In Polish; 26.10.2013.]
42. Luty, I., 2000b. Jaskinia Kalacka. Retrieved from http:// geoportal.pgi.gov.pl/portal/page/portal/jaskinie_polski [In Polish; 26.10.2013.]
43. Luty, I., 2002. Jaskinia Kasprowa Niżnia. Refrieved from http:// geoportal.pgi.gov.pl/portal/page/portal/jaskinie_polski [In Polish; 26.10.2013.]
44. Łuczyński, P., 2002. Depositional evolution of the Middle Jurassic carbonate sediments in the High-Tatric succession, Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians, Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 52: 365-378.
45. Masse, J.-P. & Uchman, A. 1997. New biostratigraphic data on the Early Cretaceous platform carbonates of the Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians, Poland. Cretaceous Research, 18:713-729.
46. Michalik, A., 1958. Mapa geologiczna Tatr Polskich, 1:10 000, arkusz Czerwone Wierchy (B3). Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa. [In Polish.]
47. Nowicki, T., 2000. Jaskinia Magurska. Retrieved from http:// geoportal.pgi.gov.pl/portal/page/portal/jaskinie_polski [In Polish; 26.10.2013.]
48. Ortner, H., Reiter, F. & Acs, P., 2002. Easy handling of tectonic data: the programs TectonicsVB for Mac and TectonicsFP for Windows. Computersand Geosciences, 28: 1193-1200.
49. Pachla, J. & Żaczkiewicz, W., 1986. Drogi krążenia wód krasowych na przykładzie zlewni Potoku Sucha Woda. Gacek, 20: 39-44. [In Polish.]
50. Palmer, A. N., 1991. Origin and morphology of limestone caves. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103: 1-21.
51. Plan, L., Filipponi, M., Behm, M., Seebacher, R. & Jeutter, P., 2009. Constraints on Alpine speleogenesis from cave morphology - A case study from the eastern Totes Gebirge (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Geomorphology, 106: 118— 129.
52. Plan, L., Grasemann, B., Spötl, C., Decker, K., Boch, R. & Kramers, J., 2010. Neotectonic exiruiion of the Eastern Alps: Constraints from U/Th dating of tectonically damaged speleothems. Geology, 38: 483-486.
53. Rabowski, F., 1959. High-tatric series in Western Tatra. Prace Instutytu Geologicznego, 27: 1-166. [In Polish, with English summary.]
54. Riedel, W., 1929. Zur Mechanik geologischer Brucher scheinungen. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 1929B: 354-368.
55. Ramsay, J. G., Huber. M. I., 1987. The technigues of modern structural geology. Volumine 2: Folds and Fractures. Academic Press, London, 391 pp.
56. Ramsay, J. G. & Lisle, R., 2000. Techniques of Modern Structural Geology. Volume 3: Applications of Continuum Mechanics in Structural Geology. Academic Press, London, 360 pp.
57. Rudnicki, J., 1967. Origin and age of the Western Tatra caverns. Acta Geologica Polonica, 17: 521-591. [In Polish, English summary].
58. Sauro, F., Zampieri, D. & Filipponi, M., 2013. Development of a deep karst sysiem within a transpressional struciure of the Dolomites in north-east Italy. Geomorphology, 184: 51-63.
59. Šebela, S., Vaupotic, J., Kostek, B. & Stemberk, J., 2010. Direct mea surement of present-day tectonic movement and associated radon flux in Postojna Cave, Slovenia. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 72: 21-34.
60. Swinnerton, A. C., 1932. Origin of limestone caverns. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 43: 662-693.
61. Szczygieł, J., 2012. Subsurface geological structure of upper part of the Kraków Gorge based on studies of the Wysoka-Za Siedmiu Progami Cave, West Tatra Mts. Przegląd Geologiczny, 60: 232-238. [In Polish, with English summary.]
62. Szczygieł, J., 2013. The role of fold-and-thrust strucfure in the large shafts and chambers development: case study of the Polish Tatra Mts. In: Filippi, M. & Bosak, P. (eds), Proceedings of 16th International Congress of Speleology, Volume 3. International Union of Speleology, Brno, pp. 137-143.
63. Szczygieł, J. & Gaidzik, K., 2012. Tectonic setting of the Poszukiwaczy Skarbów Cave and the Groby Cave (Kraków Gorge, Western Tatra Mts., Poland). Contemporary Trends in Geo- sciences, 1: 93-98.
64. Tognini, P. & Bini, A., 2001. Effects of strucfural setfing endokarst sysfem geomefry in the Valle del Nose (Como Lake, Northern Italy). GeologicaBelgica, 3: 197-211.
65. Vojtko, R., Tokárová, E. V. A., Sliva, U. & Pešková, I., 2010. Reconstruction of paleostress fields and revised tectonic history in the northern part of the Cenfral Western Carpathians (the Spišs Magura and Vychodne Tatry Mauntains). Geologica Carpathica, 61: 211-225.
66. Wójcik, Z., 1966. On the origin and age of clastic deposits in the Tatra caves. Prace Muzeum Ziemi, 9: 1-130. [In Polish, with English summary.]
67. Wójcik, Z., 1968. Geomorphological development of the lime f stone areas of the Tatra Mts. and other karst massifs in the Western Carpathians. Prace Muzeum Ziemi, 13: 3-169. [In Polish, with English summary.]
68. Wójcik, A., Wężyk, P., Wojciechowski, T., Perski, Z. & Maczuga, S. 2013. Geological and geomorphological interpretation of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data of the Kasprowy Wierch area (Tatra Mts.). Przegląd Geologiczny, 61: 234-242. [In Polish, with English summary.]
69. Wójcik, Z. & Zwoliński, S., 1959. Young tectonics shifts in Tatra caves. Acta Geologica Polonica, 9: 319-338. [In Polish, with English summary.]

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-4daab557-0624-48e7-94f9-2b8acdb2f03b