Wodór a podziemne magazynowanie energii w strukturach solnych

• Autorzy: Kaliski M. , Sikora A.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Hydrogen and underground energy storage in the salt structures

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

The most abundant and common element in the Universe is hydrogen. Hydrogen is a prevailing chemical element throughout the Earth. It is present in molecule form in the atmosphere, in minimum quantities – traces, close to the Earth surface. Dominant component of the high layers of the atmosphere where is rare, diluted. 40% of the current world production comes from the process in which the hydrogen is a by-product of electrolysis, heavy chemistry (synthesis gas) or the refining of crude oil. Hydrogen is the cleanest source–carrier of energy. Major hydrogen markets are ammonia fertilizer production and conversion of heavy oil and coal into liquid fuels. There are few production methods but primary we can focus on stea • CH₄ + H₂O -> CO +3 H₂ • CO + H₂O-> CO₂ +H₂ Fossil fuels are burnt to provide the heat to drive the chemical process (let’s consider the role of the nuclear energy as well). Energy required to make hydrogen is dependent upon the feedstock. Natural gas – reduction of hydrogen in chemical way (the lowest energy input to make hydrogen); coal – hydrogen deficit; water (H₂O – oxidized hydrogen) There are many underground gas storages systems among the European Union countries. Especially salt caverns dedicated for hydrocarbon’s storage are widely described in the literature (e. g. Kaliski et al., 2010; Kunstman et al., 2009). There is still, unfortunately, no experience with hydrogen storage in Poland. And the EU hydrocarbons salt caverns have only the UK, France (including hydrogen storage), Germany, Denmark, Portugal and Poland (Gillhaus, 2008). Dedicated programme for hydrogen storage was implemented in the EU in 2002 called “Towards a European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap Preface to HyWays – the European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap Integrated Project” (more information can be found on www.HyNet.info). There is a new research programme in the field of transmission and storage of the hydrogen for energy purposes currently held in Germany. The total length of the hydrogen gas in Europe is about 1500 km. But still, there is no experience with hydrogen storage as an energy source for energy sector. The best carrier of energy. A key issue facing researchers is the use of technology of hydrogen for storage of energy and construction of salt caverns which will meet safety requirements regarding tightness and stability. One should consider that: • construction of the caverns is determined by the ability of the use of the brine; • caverns (geological structures) must comply with the integrity and stability; • such energy warehouses should be located close to the potential end user of hydrogen and electricity network (infrastructure is a key). The next several years perspective shows that, the emergence of underground cavern storage of any surplus energy in the form of hydrogen would have the following environmental benefits: a) storage of surplus of such energy and its subsequent recovery in an environmentally cleaner process - without the additional emission’s issues, b) ecological safety of underground storage of energy, similar to the existing underground gas storage facilities, oil and fuel, c) underground storage efficiency and eco-friendly much higher when compared to systems hydroelectric pumped storage, d) better technically and economically feasible - to use periodic overcapacity power plants and the related real decrease in CO2 emissions, e) easier integration in the energy system of large wind and solar energy farms, reducing potential problems with a large share of RES in the energy balance of the country, f) limitation of conventional combustion of fossil fuel, g) hydrogen is the cleanest source of energy, h) enable the development of fuel cell (hydrogen) in the automotive industry, the decrease of emissions, i) to dispose of CO2 by the use of hydrogen and CO2 to eventually methane production in upstream projects. Let’s imagine for a moment a project that combines: • hydrogen production by electrolysis using excess wind power and solar energy to produce it; • optimize the demand for hydrogen in chemical processes also by its storage in salt caverns; • hydrogen storage processes resulting in refinery and petrochemical plants and possibly by electrolysis of surplus energy generated in non-conventional and renewable power. The future of interim storage of surplus energy may lie in underground caverns leached (leached) in salt deposits, which can be stored as compressed air (Compressed Air Energy System) or hydrogen. We are aware and we are positive that the subject is not easy, but we also believe that this fuel of the future - hydrogen – is going to turn of the centuries: XXI and XXII. That is why today we need to outline our descendants. New generations of these lines of energy development that will allow Humanity to become a Galactic Energy Society.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

podziemne magazynowanie energii; wodór; kawerna solna

EN

fossil fuels; hydrogen; underground gas storages

• Wydawca: Polskie Stowarzyszenie Górnictwa Solnego
• Czasopismo: Przegląd Solny
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: T. 9
• Strony: 26--32
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 15 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Kaliski M.

• Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica, al. A. Mickiewicza 30; 30-059 Kraków

autor

Sikora A.

• Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica, al. A. Mickiewicza 30; 30-059 Kraków

Bibliografia

• BOSEL U. & ELIASSON B. 2003 - Energy and the Hydrogen Economy.
• GILLHAUS A. 2008 - Natural gas storage in salt cavern in Europe - Present status, developments and future trends. [In:] SMRI Technical Conference Papers, Spring 2007, Basel: 69–88.
• HAFNER R. 2002 - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27 (2002): 1-9.
• KALISKI M., JANUSZ P. & SZURLEJ A. 2010 - Podziemne magazyny gazu jako element krajowego systemu gazowego — Underground gas storage as an element national gas system – Nafta Gaz/Instytut Górnictwa Naftowego i Gazownictwa, Instytut Technologii Nafty, Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Przemysłu Naftowego i Gazowniczego, 66 (5): 325–332. ISSN 0867-8871.
• KALISKI M., SIEMEK J., SIKORA A., STAŚKO D., JANUSZ P. & SZURLEJ A. 2009 - Wykorzystanie gazu ziemnego do wytwarzania energii elektrycznej w Polsce i UE – szanse i bariery. Rynek Energii, 4 (83):.1–6. (The use of natural gas for electricity generation in Poland and the EU - opportunities and barriers. Energy Market no 4 (83): 1-6.
• KALISKI M. & SIKORA A. 2013 - Futurystyczna bajka czy nowy energetyczny świat? - Energetyka Cieplna i Zawodowa 3/2013 (542) Cz. I.: 18–22; 4/2013 (543) Cz. II.: 43-46.
• KAKU M. 2010 - Wizje, czyli jak nauka zmieni świat w XXI wieku. Visions - How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century 2000. Prószyński i S-ka. ISBN: 83-7255-049-2.
• KEPPLINGER J., CROTOGINO F. & DONADEI S. 2011 – Present Trends in Compressed Air Energy and Hydrogen Storage in Germany. KBB Underground Technologies GmbH, Hannover, Germany Manfred Wohlers. IVG Caverns GmbH, Etzel, Germany SMRI Fall 2011 Technical Conference 3–4 October 2011.
• PANFILOV M., GRAVIER G. & FILLACIER S. 2006 – Underground storage of H2 and H2-CO2-Ch4 mixtures. Materiały konferencyjne Europejskiej Konferencji Matematycznej w Wydobyciu Ropy Naftowej (ECMOR) Amsterdam, Holandia 4-6 września 2006 r., York, United Kingdom SOLUTION MINING RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.solutionmining.org
• KUNSTMAN A., POBORSKA-MŁYNARSKA K. & URBAŃCZYK K. 2002 — Zarys otworowego ługownictwa solnego — Aktualne kierunki rozwoju. Uczelniane Wyd. Naukowo-Dydaktyczne AGH, Kraków. (2007 wyd. angielskie zmienione — Solution mining in salt deposits. Recent development trends)
• KUNSTMAN A., POBORSKA-MŁYNARSKA K. & URBAŃCZYK K. 2009 - Geologiczne i górnicze aspekty budowy magazynowych kawern solnych Przegląd Geologiczny, 57 (9).
• TANIEWSKI M. 1997 - Technologia Chemiczna – Surowce. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, Gliwice.
• www.airLiquide.com
• www.hyways.info
• www.jaif.or.jp/ja/wnu_si_intro/document/2009/c_forsberg_hydrogen_july09.pdf