Elektrołukowa synteza nanorurek węglowych w warunkach lokalnej równowagi termodynamicznej

• Autorzy: Raniszewski G.
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Tematyka pracy obejmuje podsumowanie dotychczasowych prac autora dotyczących wykorzystania elektrołukowych metod syntezy nanorurek węglowych przy obniżonym ciśnieniu. Mimo iż w zastosowanym układzie ciśnienie gazu roboczego jest w przybliżeniu o połowę niższe od ciśnienia atmosferycznego, to w kanale łukowym występuje głównie jonizacja zderzeniowa – termiczna. Dlatego przyjęto w takim przypadku stan plazmy zbliżony do lokalnej równowagi termodynamicznej. Omówione zagadnienia dotyczą wpływu parametrów wyładowania łukowego na parametry plazmy, a w konsekwencji parametry strumienia par węgla, w którym atomy węgla łączą się w nanorurki węglowe i osadzają się w postaci depozytu na katodzie lub w postaci mieszaniny sadzy, węgla amorficznego i nanorurek na ścianach komory reaktora. Zagadnienia referowane w rozprawie w szczególności dotyczą: wpływu katalizatorów na syntezę nanorurek węglowych, dynamiki transferu par węgla tworzącego depozyt, wpływu parametrów łuku na rozkład temperatury w biorącej udział w procesie anodzie i katodzie (depozycie katodowym) oraz syntezy nanorurek węglowych w polu magnetycznym. W pierwszej kolejności przedstawiono podstawy teoretyczne nanotechnologii oraz dokonano wprowadzenia do tematyki związanej z nanocząsteczkami węglowymi – opisano różnice pomiędzy najczęściej spotykanymi fulerenami, nanorurkami, nanodrutami, grafenem i nanowłóknami. Następnie skupiono się na nanorurkach węglowych – ich właściwościach i budowie. Oddzielną część stanowi opis metod charakteryzacji, których obecny rozwój następuje w sposób równie gwałtowny jak rozwój nanotechnologii. Na koniec przedstawiono metody oczyszczania i syntezy nanorurek węglowych. Druga część rozprawy została poświęcona przedstawieniu własnych doświadczeń związanych z łukowymi metodami syntezy nanorurek węglowych. Opisano tutaj skonstruowane stanowisko badawcze, przedstawiono wyniki badań przy wprowadzaniu do układu dodatkowego katalizatora. Zaproponowano nowe sposoby wyznaczania masy par węgla w połączeniu ze znanymi modelami charakterystycznymi dla łuku krótkiego. W pracy zamieszczono także rozważania dotyczące zastosowania pola magnetycznego wspomagające proces wzrostu depozytu katodowego. Uzyskane wyniki badań i obliczeń mają duże znaczenie praktyczne w zakresie modelowania zjawisk zachodzących podczas syntezy nanomateriałów metodami łukowymi. Nowe podejście do problemu pozwoli na udoskonalenie stosowanych obecnie technologii i zwiększenie wydajności syntezy nanorurek węglowych. Badania przedstawione w niniejszej pracy były częściowo finansowane przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego jako projekty badawcze w latach 2009-2013 – projekt badawczy „Właściwości łuku elektrycznego determinujące proces syntezy nanorurek węglowych” [Raniszewski i in. 2013] oraz projekt badawczy „Badanie wpływu zewnętrznego pola magnetycznego na właściwości plazmy łukowej warunkujące efektywną syntezę nanorurek węglowych” [Kołaciński i in. 2012b].

EN

The presented work describes a summary of author's experiences related to electric arc discharge methods of carbon nanotubes synthesis under reduced pressure. Although the applied systems use approximately half of the atmospheric pressure, author expects that in the arc channel mainly thermal (ionization) collisions occur. Therefore it is assumed that the plasma is in the near local thermodynamic equilibrium state (LTE). The discussed problems concern the influence of the arc parameters on plasma channel temperature, composition, partial pressure etc. and, in consequence, the parameters of the vapor stream. This stream forms deposit on the cathode surface which contains carbon nanotubes. Carbon elements may also be collected on the reactor walls as a mixture of soot, amorphous carbon and carbon nanotubes. Issues referred in this work are particularly connected with influence of catalysts on carbon nanotubes synthesis, dynamics of carbon mass transfer from anode to cathode, the influence of the arc parameters on temperature distribution in electrodes and cathode deposit, the synthesis of carbon nanotubes supported by a magnetic field. First chapters present the theoretical background of nanotechnology. Then the differences between carbon nanoparticles are described. Author focused on carbon nanotubes - their properties and structure. A separate chapter describes methods of carbon nanotubes characterization. Finally purification methods were described. The author's own experimental results were described in the second part of the thesis. This part describes constructed research set-ups, presents the results of investigations of carbon nanotubes synthesis with and without catalyst. New methods for determining of carbon atom mass flux were proposed. These methods employ known models characteristics for short arc discharge. The work also includes a discussion of the application of a magnetic field to support the cathode deposit growth process. The results of experiments and calculations have a great practical potential in modeling of phenomena which occur during the synthesis process. A new approach to the problem will improve the currently used technologies and increase the carbon nanotubes creation efficiency. The research presented here was partially financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education as research projects in 2009-2013.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

nanorurki węglowe; synteza elektrołukowa; synteza nanorurek; CNTs; synteza nanomateriałów

EN

carbon nanotube; electric arc synthesis; nanotubes synthesis; CNTs; nanomaterial synthesis

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe. Rozprawy Naukowe / Politechnika Łódzka
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: Z. 469
• Strony: 1--160
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 318 poz., il. kolor., fot., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Raniszewski G.

• Instytut Mechatroniki i Systemów Informatycznych Politechniki Łódzkiej

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