Styren

• Autorzy: Starek A.
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Styren łatwopalna ciecz o przenikliwym i słodkim zapachu jest substancją wielkotonażową wykorzystywaną do produkcji: żywicy butadienowo styrenowej i żywic kopolimerowych z akrylonitrylem, tworzyw sztucznych wzmocnionych włóknem szklanym stosowanych w szkutnictwie oraz powłok ochronnych. Styren stosuje się także jako rozpuszczalnik i półprodukt chemiczny. Największe zawodowe narażenie na styren występuje podczas prac natryskowych oraz podczas produkcji: łodzi, pojazdów i kontenerów. Według danych Głównej Inspekcji Sanitarnej w 2007 r. w Polsce były zatrudnione 323 osoby narażone na styren o stężeniu powyżej 50 mg/m3, czyli wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS). Osoby te pracowały przy produkcji: wyrobów gumowych i wyrobów z tworzyw sztucznych (186 osób), pozostałego sprzętu transportowego (55 osób), wyrobów niemetalicznych (51 osób) i sprzętu transportowego, a także przy produkcji niesklasyfikowanej gdzie indziej oraz w budownictwie (31 osób). W 2010 r. liczba osób zawodowo narażonych na styren powyżej wartości NDS wzrosła do 480, w tym: 203 osoby pracowały przy produkcji wyrobów gumowych i tworzyw sztucznych, 115 osób przy produkcji pojazdów samochodowych, 143 osoby przy produkcji pozostałego sprzętu transportowego, 5 osób było zatrudnionych przy produkcji włókien tekstylnych, 1 osoba przy produkcji chemikaliów, 8 osób przy produkcji gotowych wyrobów metalowych, 3 osoby w trakcie wykonywania specjalistycznych robót budowlanych oraz 2 osoby zatrudnione w handlu hurtowym (GIS 2010). W latach 2001-2010 w związku z narażeniem na styren zarejestrowano sześć przypadków chorób zawodowych: dwa przypadki zatrucia, trzy – choroby skóry oraz jeden przypadek przewlekłego zanikowego alergicznego nieżytu nosa, gardła lub krtani wywołany działaniem drażniącym styrenu. Działanie toksyczne styrenu u ludzi manifestuje się podrażnieniem: oczu, śluzówki nosa i gardła, a także zaburzeniami ze strony ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN) w postaci zmian neurobehawioralnych oraz upośledzenia funkcji narządu wzroku i narządu słuchu. U pracowników przewlekle narażonych na styren opisano również zmiany: hematologiczne, czynnościowe wątroby, endokrynne i immunologiczne. Styren nie spełnia kryteriów klasyfikacji ustalonych dla toksyczności ostrej po podaniu drogą pokarmową, inhalacyjną lub dermalną w Unii Europejskiej. Styren wykazuje działanie genotoksyczne, wyrażone zmianami klastogennymi i aberracjami chromosomowymi w wyniku tworzenia adduktów z DNA przez jego tlenek. Według IARC nie ma wystarczającego dowodu na rakotwórcze działanie styrenu na ludzi, natomiast istnieje ograniczony dowód takiego działania u zwierząt (grupa 2B). Nie wykazano również embriotoksycznego, fetotoksycznego i teratogennego działania styrenu, natomiast istnieje możliwość szkodliwego działania styrenu na gonady męskie i na rozwój potomstwa w okresie postnatalnym. Podstawą do obliczenia wartości NDS dla styrenu były wyniki badań epidemiologicznych. Za skutki krytyczne przyjęto drażniące działanie tego związku oraz zaburzenia ze strony OUN. Zaproponowano pozostawienie obowiązującej w Polsce wartości NDS styrenu na poziomie 50 mg/m3 oraz zmniejszenie wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh) do 100 mg/m3. Ponadto zaproponowano przyjęcie wartości dopuszczalnego stężenia w materiale biologicznym (DSB) dla sumy stężeń kwasu migdałowego (MA) i kwasu fenyloglioksalowego (PGA) w moczu pobranym pod koniec zmiany roboczej na poziomie 235 mg/g kreatyniny. Normatyw oznakowano literą „I” informującą, że jest to substancja o działaniu drażniącym.

EN

Styrene monomer is a colorless to yellow oily liquid with a sweet, sharp odor at concentrations on the order of 426 mg/m3. Styrene has been produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene. This compound is manufactured on a large scale. It has been widely used in the manufacture of polystyrene plastics, protective coatings, styrenated polyesters, copolymer resins with acrylonitrile and butadiene, and as a chemical intermediate. In Poland in 2010 the number of workers exposed to styrene at concentration above MAC value (50 mg/m3) was 480. In 2001 to 2010 six cases of professional diseases caused by styrene was noted. Results of animal studies revealed that styrene is a chemical of relatively low toxicity. In humans occupationally exposed to styrene an irritating effect to the eyes, both nose and throat mucosa, and central nervous system (CNS) disturbances (neurobehavioral, impairment of colour vision and hearing) were observed. Also, this chemical was caused hematological, hepatotoxic, andocrine, and immunological changes. Styrene exerts genotoxic effects causing an increase of single-strand breaks of DNA and chromosomal aberrations. There is inadequate evidence in humans and limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of styrene. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified styrene to Group 2B. Styrene has shown neither embryotoxic, fetotoxic, and teratogenec effects. The recommended maximum admissible concentration (MAC) for styrene of 50 mg/m3 is based on the irritating effect and CNS disturbances in workers professionally exposed to this chemical. STEL value at 100 mg/m3, and “I” (irritating) notation has been proposed. Moreover, BEI value for sum of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid at level of 235 mg/g creatinine is recommended.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

styren; narażenie zawodowe; toksyczność; NDS

EN

styrene; occupational exposure; toxicity; MAC

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: Nr 3 (73)
• Strony: 101--135
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 153 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Starek A.

• Collegium Medicum Uniwersytet Jagielloński 30-688 Kraków ul. Medyczna 9

Bibliografia

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