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In the recent years the safety and eco-friendliness have gained much of attention of the automotive stakeholders. These two characteristics are especially important in the case of mass transportation vehicles, such as buses or coaches, which are in continues use for long periods of time, covering significant distances. In such situations, the economical aspects play major role for the transportation companies which try to minimize operational costs of their fleet, by choosing vehicles with reduced fuel consumption. In order to obtain improvements in all the mentioned areas and hence to strengthen their position on the market, bus manufacturers have recently turned their attention to multimaterial design strategies. Structures built in that manner consist not only of regular steel parts, but contain also a mix of components made from various lightweight materials like aluminum alloys or composites, which allow for significant reduction in vehicle curb weight. However, due to the differences in mechanical characteristics which are especially evident in the case of laminates, the material substitution is not a straightforward task. In order to find the material distribution pattern that meets all the requirements, a great number of prototypic numerical models must be prepared and tested. To ease the search for the final solution, optimization techniques can be applied into the design process, allowing for automatic design modifications and assessment of the obtained results. The paper presents an attempt of enhancing the operational characteristics of a bus body structure with simultaneous reduction in the structural weight. In order to find the optimal component configuration, a multimaterial optimization was employed and supplemented by sensitivity and robustness analyses. Such a technique helps to discriminate the over-optimized solutions that are often pointed out as the most desirable by the optimization algorithms which neglect the uncertainties of the analysed system.
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
139--146
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 21 poz., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Department of Robotics and Mechatronics A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
autor
- AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Department of Robotics and Mechatronics A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Bibliografia
- [1] Lutsey, N., Review of Technical Literature and Trends Related to Automobile Mass-Reduction Technology, USC-ITS-RR-10-10, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, May, 2012.
- [2] Fuel economy and traffic fatalities: multivariate analysis on international data” and “Light- Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2006”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Appendix D, July 2006.
- [3] Salonitis, K., Pandremenos, J., Paralikas, J., Chryssolouris, G., Multifunctional Materials Used in Automotive Industry: a Critical Review, Engineering Against Fracture: Proceedings of the 1st Conference, pp. 59-70, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9402-6_5, 2009.
- [4] Fridlyander, I. N., Sister, V. G., Grushko, O. E., Berstenev, V. V., Sheveleva, L. M., Ivanova, L.A., Alluminum alloys: promising materials in the automotive industry, Metal Science and Heat Treatment, Vol. 44, No. 9-10, UDC 669.5:629.113/.115, 2002.
- [5] Cole, G. S., Sherman, A. M., Lightweight materials for Automotive Applications, Material Characterization 35:3-9, SSDI 1044-5803(95)00063-5, 1995.
- [6] Caceres, C. H., Economical and Environmental Factors in Light Alloys Automotive Applications, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 38A, pp. 1649 – 1662, doi: 10.1007/s11661-007-9156-z, 2007.
- [7] Goede, M., Stehlin, M., Rafflenbeul, L., Kopp, G., Beeh E., Super Light Car – lightweight construction thanks to a multi-material design and function integration, European Transport Research Review, 1:5-10. DOI: 10.1007/s12544-008-0001-2, 2009.
- [8] Cramer, D. R., Taggart, D. F., Design and Manufacture of an Affordable Advanced-Composite Automotive Body Structure, Proceedings of the 19th International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, 2002.
- [9] Boeman, R. G., Johnson, N. L., Development of a Cost Competitive, Composite Intensive Body-in-White, SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1905, doi:10.4271/2002-01-1905, 2002.
- [10] Śleziona, J., Podstawy technologii kompozytów, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, ISBN 83855718842, 1998.
- [11] Harte, A. M., McNamara, J. F., Roddy, I. D., A multilevel approach to the optimisation of a light rail vehicle bodyshell, Composite Structures 63, pp. 447-453, 2004.
- [12] Colombo, C., Vergani, L., Experimental and numerical analysis of a bus component in composite material, Composite structures 92, 1706-1715, doi:10.1016/j.compostruct.2009.12.012, 2010.
- [13] Ko, H.-Y., Shin K.-B., Jeon K.-W., Cho S.-H., A study on the crashworthiness and rollover characteristics of low-floor bus made of sandwich composites, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 23, pp. 2686-2693. Doi: 10.1007/s12206-009-0731-7, 2009.
- [14] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ECE/R66/01, Uniform Technical Prescriptions Concerning The Approval Of Large Passenger Vehicles With Regard To The Strength Of Their Superstructure, Geneva 2006.
- [15] Rusiński, E., Czmochowski J., Smolnicki, T., Zaawansowana metoda elementów skończonych w konstrukcjach nośnych, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr, 2000.
- [16] Liang, C.-C., Le, G.-N., Analysis of a bus rollover protection under legislated standards using LS-DYNA software simulation techniques, International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 495-506, doi: 10.1007/s12239-010-0061-x, 2010.
- [17] Liang, C.-C., Le, G.-N., Optimization of bus rollover strength by consideration of the energy absorption ability, International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 173-185, doi: 10.1007/s12239-010-0023-3, 2010.
- [18] Su, R., Gui L., Fan, Z., Multi-objective optimization for bus body with strength and rollover safety constraints based on surrogate models, Struct Multidisc Optim, 44: 431-441, doi: 10.1007/s00158-011-0627-x, 2011.
- [19] Gauchia, A., Diaz, V., Boada, M. J. L., Boada, Torsional Stiffness and weight optimization of a real bus structure, International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 41-47 (2010), doi: 10.1007/s12239-010-0006-4.
- [20] Beyer, H. – G., Deb, K., On self-Adaptive Features in Real-Parameter Evolution Algorithm, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 5, Is. 3, pp. 250-270, 2001.
- [21] Deb, K., Agarwal, R. B., Simulated Binary Crossover for Continuous Search Space, Complex Systems, 9:115-148, April, 1995.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-4a4b6ad2-cf86-40b6-8c52-42334e3c17ef