Biofiltration of Contaminated Air – Current Status, Development Trends

Turała, Anita; Wieczorek, Andrzej

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Biofiltration of Contaminated Air – Current Status, Development Trends

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Turała Anita , Wieczorek Andrzej

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Biofiltracja zanieczyszczonego powietrza – stan aktualny, trendy rozwojowe

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The study presents a description of both the main problems of biofiltration as well as the new research directions. Discussion of the first subject covered the area of biofiltration applied in purification of exhaust gases. The method traditionally used for the purification of waste gases from biological processes is also suitable for the treatment of hot and dry air, contaminated with substances of high toxic concentrations. According to the literature reports, hydrocarbons belonging to all groups: compounds containing oxygen in the molecule such as aldehydes, ketones and esters, compounds containing nitrogen and sulphur in the molecule like amines, thiols or organic sulphides can all be filtered out. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and some inorganic compounds like ammonia and hydrogen sulphide can also be removed. All these substances can be present individually or in multicomponent mixtures. The biofilters have been divided into conventional ones provided with a wet bed and the ones fitted with a biotrickling bed. A set of information on the materials used to compose a bed with a division into natural and synthetic has been given. The division of natural beds has been described as biodegradable, like peat, compost, wood chips and non-biodegradable as volcanic rocks. Among the synthetic beds mention are the ones made of mineral types of expanded clay aggregates and other minerals, as well as synthetic organic plastics, for example polyurethane foams. Factors influencing the biofiltration process, such as gas flow rate, concentration of pollutants, their type and properties, temperature, humidity of gases and sediments, structure a bed, oxygen availability, salinity and pH of the bed, as well as the availability of nutrients not found in treated gases, were presented in the paper. An extensive chapter was devoted to the microorganisms colonizing the bed of biofilter, which are responsible for the decomposition of filtered out pollutants. They can be introduced to the biofilter as microorganisms that naturally inhabit given building material or placed on a bed in the form of a vaccine. A consortium of microorganisms, formed during the start-up of a biofilter (adaptation), composed of bacteria and fungi, undergoes constant changes caused by the influx of new microorganisms along with purified air and the influence of environmental factors. These changes can be both quantitative and qualitative, manifested by the occurrence of genetic mutations. The microorganisms that colonize the bed belong to many species, such as Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Xanthomonadales, Ralstonia, Mycobacterium, Exophiala i Candidia. They metabolize environmental pollutants. This most often takes place during the catabolic process initiated by enzyme-assisted oxygen attack per molecule. As a result, appropriate alcohols are first formed, which than undergo successive transformations to aldehydes, fatty acids and further down to water and CO₂. The chapter devoted to additives improving the bioavailability of pollutants such as methanol, silicone oils and surfactants, was included in the paper. New products in the field of construction solutions and hybrid systems were explained. Solutions such as rotary biofilters and cylindrical beds aim to reduce problems with even gas flow and excessive flow resistance. Among the hybrid systems, pre-filter solutions with active carbon and a UV pre-treatment module were presented. The idea of a biofilter combining the removal of pollutants with the generation of electric current in microbial fuel cells is also presented.

W opracowaniu przedstawiono opis zarówno podstawowych zagadnień biofiltracji jak i nowych kierunków badawczych. Omawiając pierwsze z zagadnień zakreślono obszar zastosowań biofiltracji w oczyszczaniu gazów odlotowych. Metoda tradycyjnie przydatna do oczyszczania gazów odlotowych z procesów biologicznych nadaje się również do obróbki powietrza gorącego i suchego oraz zanieczyszczonego substancjami o wysokich toksycznych stężeniach. Zgodnie z doniesieniami literaturowymi odfiltrowywane mogą być węglowodory przynależne do wszystkich grup, związki zawierające tlen w cząsteczce jak aldehydy, ketony i estry, związki zawierające azot i siarkę w cząsteczce jak aminy, tiole czy siarczki organiczne. Usuwane są także chlorowcopochodne węglowodorów oraz niektóre związki nieorganiczne jak amoniak i siarkowodór. Wszystkie wymienione substancje mogą występować pojedynczo oraz w wieloskładnikowych mieszaninach. Podzielono biofiltry na klasyczne zaopatrzone w złoże utrzymywane w stanie wilgotnym oraz te ze złożem przepłukiwanym. Podano zbiór informacji o materiałach wykorzystywanych do komponowania złóż z podziałem na naturalne i syntetyczne. Podział naturalnych uściślono na biodegradowalne jak torf, komposty, zrębki drewna i naturalne nie biodegradowalne jak skały wulkaniczne. Wśród syntetycznych wymieniono mineralne typu poryzowane glinki i inne minerały oraz syntetyczne organiczne jak tworzywa sztuczne, przykładowo pianki poliuretanowe. Zaprezentowano czynniki wpływające na bieg biofiltracji takie jak natężenie przepływu gazów, stężenie zanieczyszczeń, ich rodzaj i właściwości, temperatura, wilgotność gazów i złoża, tekstura złoża, dostępność tlenu, zasolenie i pH złoża, a także dostępność składników pokarmowych nie występujących w oczyszczanych gazach. Obszerny rozdział poświęcono mikroorganizmom zasiedlającym złoża biofiltrów odpowiedzialnym za rozkład odfiltrowywanych zanieczyszczeń. Mogą być one wprowadzane do biofiltra jako mikroorganizmy naturalnie zasiedlające dany materiał budulcowy złoża lub wprowadzane na złoże w formie szczepionki. Uformowane w okresie rozruchu biofiltra (adaptacji) konsorcjum mikroorganizmów złożone z bakterii i grzybów ulega nieustannym zmianom wywoływanym napływem nowych mikroorganizmów wraz z oczyszczanym powietrzem oraz wpływem czynników środowiskowych. Zmiany te mogą mieć charakter zarówno ilościowy jak i jakościowy przejawiający się występowaniem mutacji genetycznych. Mikroorganizmy zasiedlające złoża należą do wielu gatunków takich jak np. Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Xanthomonadales, Ralstonia, Mycobacterium, Exophiala i Candidia. Metabolizują one zanieczyszczenia środowiska. Najczęściej ma to miejsce w procesie katabolicznym zapoczątkowanym wspomaganym enzymami atakiem tlenu na cząsteczkę. W efekcie najpierw powstają odpowiednie alkohole ulegające kolejno zachodzącym przemianom do aldehydów, kwasów tłuszczowych i dalej aż do wody i CO₂. Zawarto dział poświęcony dodatkom poprawiającym biodostępność zanieczyszczeń takim jak metanol, oleje silikonowe czy surfaktanty. Omówiono nowości w zakresie rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych oraz układy hybrydowe. Rozwiązania takie jak biofiltry obrotowe i ze złożem cylindrycznym mają ograniczać problemy z równomiernym przepływem gazów i nadmiernymi oporami przepływu. Wśród układów hybrydowych zaprezentowano rozwiązania z przedfiltrem z węglem aktywnym oraz modułem wstępnej obróbki promieniami UV. Przedstawiono też ideę biofiltra łączącego usuwanie zanieczyszczeń z generacją prądu elektrycznego w mikrobiologicznych ogniwach paliwowych.

Słowa kluczowe

biofiltration air biofiltration biofiltration of air pollutants development trends

biofiltracja biofiltracja powietrza biofiltracja zanieczyszczeń powietrza trendy rozwojowe

Wydawca

Politechnika Koszalińska

Czasopismo

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

Rocznik

2019

Tom

Tom 21, cz. 2

Strony

1001--1020

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 82 poz., tab., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Turała Anita

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland

autor

Wieczorek Andrzej

Andrzej.Wieczorek@zut.edu.pl

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland

Bibliografia

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8. Cabeza, I. O., López, R., Giraldez, I., Stuetz, R. M., & Díaz, M. J. (2013). Biofiltration of α-pinene vapours using municipal solid waste (MSW) - Pruning residues (P) composts as packing materials. Chemical Engineering Journal, 233, 149-158.
9. Chang, S., Lu, C., Huang, H., & Hsu, S. (2015). Removal of VOCs emitted from p-xylene liquid storage tanks by a full-scale compost biofilter. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 93(June), 218-226.
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22. Gandu, B., Sandhya, K., Gangagni Rao, A., & Swamy, Y. V. (2013). Gas phase bio-filter for the removal of triethylamine (TEA) from air: Microbial diversity analysis with reference to design parameters. Bioresource Technology, 139, 155-160.
23. García-Pérez, T., Aizpuru, A., & Arriaga, S. (2013). By-passing acidification limitations during the biofiltration of high formaldehyde loads via the application of ozone pulses. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 262, 732-740.
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4. Avalos Ramirez, A., García-Aguilar, B. P., Jones, J. P., & Heitz, M. (2012). Improvement of methane biofiltration by the addition of non-ionic surfactants to biofilters packed with inert materials. Process Biochemistry, 47(1), 76-82.
5. Balasubramanian, P., Philip, L., & Bhallamudi, S. M. (2011). Biodegradation of chlorinated and non-chlorinated VOCs from pharmaceutical industries. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 163(4), 497-518.
6. Balasubramanian, P., Philip, L., & Murty Bhallamudi, S. (2012). Biotrickling filtration of complex pharmaceutical VOC emissions along with chloroform. Bioresource Technology, 114, 149-159.
7. Brandt, E. M. F., Duarte, F. V., Vieira, J. P. R., Melo, V. M., Souza, C. L., Araújo, J. C., & Chernicharo, C. A. L. (2016). The use of novel packing material for improving methane oxidation in biofilters. Journal of Environmental Management, 182, 412-420.
8. Cabeza, I. O., López, R., Giraldez, I., Stuetz, R. M., & Díaz, M. J. (2013). Biofiltration of α-pinene vapours using municipal solid waste (MSW) - Pruning residues (P) composts as packing materials. Chemical Engineering Journal, 233, 149-158.
9. Chang, S., Lu, C., Huang, H., & Hsu, S. (2015). Removal of VOCs emitted from p-xylene liquid storage tanks by a full-scale compost biofilter. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 93(June), 218-226.
10. Chen, H., Yang, C., Zeng, G., Luo, S., & Yu, G. (2012). Tubular biofilter for toluene removal under various organic loading rates and gas empty bed residence times. Bioresource Technology, 121, 199-204.
11. Chen, J., Gu, S., Zheng, J., & Chen, J. (2016). Simultaneous removal of SO2and NO in a rotating drum biofilter coupled with complexing absorption by FeII(EDTA). Biochemical Engineering Journal, 114, 87-93.
12. Chen, X., Liang, Z., An, T., & Li, G. (2016). Comparative elimination of dimethyl disulfide by maifanite and ceramic-packed biotrickling filters and their response to microbial community. Bioresource Technology, 202, 76-83.
13. Cheng, Y., He, H., Yang, C., Yan, Z., Zeng, G., & Qian, H. (2016). Effects of anionic surfactant on n-hexane removal in biofilters. Chemosphere, 150, 248-253.
14. Cheng, Z., Lu, L., Kennes, C., Ye, J., Yu, J., Chen, D., & Chen, J. (2016a). A composite microbial agent containing bacterial and fungal species: Optimization of the preparation process, analysis of characteristics, and use in the purification for volatile organic compounds. Bioresource Technology, 218, 751-760.
15. Cheng, Z., Lu, L., Kennes, C., Yu, J., & Chen, J. (2016b). Treatment of gaseous toluene in three biofilters inoculated with fungi/bacteria: Microbial analysis, performance and starvation response. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 303, 83-93.
16. Chikere, C. B., Okpokwasili, G. C., & Chikere, B. O. (2011). Monitoring of microbial hydrocarbon remediation in the soil. 3 Biotech, 1(3), 117-138.
17. Choi, E. J., Jin, H. M., Lee, S. H., Math, R. K., Madsen, E. L., & Jeon, C. O. (2013). Comparative genomic analysis and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene (BTEX) degradation pathways of Pseudoxanthomonas spadix BD-a59. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79(2), 663-671.
18. Dorado, a D., Lafuente, F. J., Gabriel, D., & Gamisans, X. (2010). A comparative study based on physical characteristics of suitable packing materials in biofiltration. Environmental Technology, 31(2), 193-204.
19. Estrada, J. M., Hernández, S., Muñoz, R., & Revah, S. (2013). A comparative study of fungal and bacterial biofiltration treating a VOC mixture. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 250-251, 190-197.
20. Fernández, M., Ramírez, M., Pérez, R. M., Gómez, J. M., & Cantero, D. (2013). Hydrogen sulphide removal from biogas by an anoxic biotrickling filter packed with Pall rings. Chemical Engineering Journal, 225, 456-463.
21. Fortin, N. Y., & Deshusses, M. A. (1999). Treatment of methyl tertbutyl ether vapors in biotrickling filters. 2. Analysis of the rate-limiting step and behavior under transient conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 33(17), 2987-2991.
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Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).

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