Problems of the Zagros Ophiolites and Basaltic Bodies, Examples from Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq

• Autorzy: Karim Kamal Haji

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.29227/IM-2024-01-18

Warianty tytułu

PL

Problemy ophiolitów Zagros i ciał bazaltowych, przykłady z Regionu Kurdystanu, północny Irak

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In the Iraqi Zagros, there are ten ophiolites and basaltic bodies, the famous ones are Penjween, Mawat, Bulfat and Peshashan Ophiolite complexes in addition to basaltic bodies such as Kata Rash, Avroman, Gercus, Chalki, and Hamrin basaltic bodies. The present study describes more than 12 significant problems concerning the previous assigning of the bodies as igneous rocks. These problems are observable in the field, laboratory, and in most previous works of literature that oppose the magmatic origin of these bodies. Our study explicated all aspects of each problem and clarified how the problems contradict magmatic crystallization and aid the sedimentary origin of these claimed igneous bodies. Finally, the interpretations of all the problems were collected as conjugate pieces of evidence for appraisal of the new origin of all igneous bodies in the Iraqi and Iranian Zagros belt. The outcomes consider the ophiolitic and basaltic rocks metamorphosed volcaniclastic sandstones (greywackes or mafic sandstone). These sandstones belong to fresh or metamorphosed greywackes of stratigraphic units of the Paleocene-Eocene Walash Formation (as distal facies) and Kata Rash Conglomerate (as proximal facies) which were previously considered volcanic rocks. These sediments are sourced originally from Urumeiah-Dokhtur Magmatic Arc (ADMA) and deposited inside Neo-Tethys, present Sanandaji-Sirjan Zone (SSZ), during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Later, the sediments were metamorphosed and uplifted during the Paleocene and deposited inside the Iraqi Zagros belt by turbidity currents inside the Zagros Foreland basin. These ideas are shown in detail by tectonic and paleogeographic models.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

ophiolites; basaltic bodies; Kurdistan region; Northern Iraq

PL

ofiolity; ciała bazaltowe; Irak

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Przeróbki Kopalin
• Czasopismo: Inżynieria Mineralna
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 1, no. 1
• Strony: 153--180
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 79 poz., rys., tab., zdj.

Twórcy

autor

Karim Kamal Haji

• Department of Geology, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-31-3

Bibliografia

• 1. G. Gass, “Is the Troodos Massif of Cyprus a Fragment of Mesozoic Ocean Floor?”, Nature. 220(5162): 39-42 (1968).
• 2. I. Belostotskiy and G.V. Kolbantsev, The problem of ophiolites of the Dinarids. International Geology Review. 12(4), 358-369 (1970).
• 3. R. G. Coleman, “Ophiolites: Ancient oceanic lithosphere” Springer, 139p, 1077 (1977).
• 4. E. M. Moores, “The Proterozoic Ophiolite Problem, Continental Emergence, and the Venus Connection”, Science. 234 (4772), 65-68 (1986).
• 5. J. F. Dewey and J.F Casey, “The Ophiolite Problem, Is It Really a Problem?” American Geophysical Union. Fall Meeting, abstract id. T21A-1782 (2009).
• 6. J. Wakabayashi and Y. Dilek, “What constitutes ‘emplacement’ of an ophiolite?: Mechanisms and relationship to subduction initiation and formation of metamorphic soles” Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 218, 427-447(2003).
• 7. J. F. Casey & J. F. Dewey, “December). The Ophiolite Problem, Is It Really a Problem?”. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. T21A-1782 (2009).
• 8. J. Desmons and L. Beccaluva, “Mid-ocean ridge and island-arc affinities in ophiolites from Iran: palaeographic implications: complementary reference” Chemical Geology. 39(1-2), 39-63(1983).
• 9. J. Masek, and W. Al-Etabi, Petrology of the Mawat Igneous-Metamorphic Complex, unpublished Report, GOSURV, Baghdad (1972).
• 10. A.M. Horn and G. M. Lees, “The Zone of Napes in Iraqi Kurdistan, Ministry of Development” unpublished report, GEOSURV, Baghdad (1943).
• 11. H.M. Al-Mehaidi, “Tertiary nappes in Mawat range, NE Iraq”, Jour. Geol. Soc. Iraq. 7, 31-44 (975).
• 12. G. Buda and W. S. Al-Hashimi, “Petrology of the Mawat Ophiolite complex, Northeastern Iraq” Geological Society of Iraq. 10, 69–98. (1977).
• 13. T. Buday, “Regional Geology of Iraq: Vol. 1, Stratigraphy. In: I.I.M. Kassab, S.Z. Jassim (Eds.)”, GEOSURV, Baghdad, 445p (1980).
• 14. S.Z. Jassim, G. Buda, M. Neuzilová and M. Suk, “Metamorphic development of the Iraqi Zagros ophiolite Zone”, Krystalinikum, 16, 21–40 (1982).
• 15. S. Z. Jassim and M. I. Al-Hassan, “Petrography and origin of the Mawat and Penjwin Igneous Complex: a comparison” Journal of the Geological Society of Iraq, 2, 169–210(1977).
• 16. G.A. Oweiss, “The Penjwin are& along the Zagros suture zone, as an example of collisional orogen”, Tectonophysics. 101, 55-62 (1984).
• 17. T. Buday and S. Z. Jassim, “The Regional geology of Iraq. In I. I. Kassab & M. J. Abbas (Eds.), 2, Tectonism, Magmatism and Metamorphism”, GEOSURV, Baghdad (1987).
• 18. Y. O. Mohammad, H. Maekawa and F. A. Lawa, “Mineralogyand origin of Mlakawa albitite from Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq”, Geosphere. 3(6), 624–645. (2007).
• 19. S.A. Ali, S.A. Ismail, A.P. Nutman, V.C. Bennett, B.G., Jones and S. Buckman, “The intra-oceanic Cretaceous (~108 Ma) Kata–Rash arc fragment in the Kurdistan segment of Iraqi Zagros suture zone: Implications for Neotethys evolution and closure”, Lithos, 260, 154–163 (2016).
• 20. I.K. Abdulzahra, and A. Hadi, “Petrology of the granitoid intrusions in the Shalair Valley area, northeastern Iraq”, Iraqi Journal of Science. 58(1A): 88-102. (2016).
• 21. S. Z . Jassim and J. C. Goff, “Geology of Iraq”, Dolin, Prague and Moravian Museum (2006).
• 22. G. Y. Buda, “Igneous petrology of the Bulfat area (northeast Iraqi Zagros Thrust Zone)”, Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Szeged, 34, 21–39 (1993).
• 23. K. H. Karim and M. Abioui, “Geology of the Zagros basaltic bodies: Examples from the Avroman Mountains, Kurdistan Region Northeast Iraq”, Journal of Sedimentary Environments,6(2), 169–188 (2021).
• 24. H.K. Karim and I.M. Ghafur, “Updated stratigraphy, tectonics and boundary conditions of the Mawat and Bulfat Ophiolite Complexes, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq”, 2nd International & the Fourth Scientific Conference of College of Science of Tikrit University, 24-25 Novem ber 2020, Tikrit, Iraq, p.127-149(2021).
• 25. S.A. Ismail, S.A. Ali, A.P. Nutman, V.C. Bennett, and B.G. Jones, “The Pushtashan juvenile suprasubduction zone assemblage of Kurdistan (northeastern Iraq): A Cretaceous (Cenomanian) neoTethys missing link”, Geoscience Frontiers, 8(5), 1073–1087 (2016).
• 26. Sasvari, L. Davies, A. Mann, J. Afzal, G. Vakarcs and E. Iwaniw, “Dachstein-type Avroman Formation: An indicator of the Harsin Basin in Iraq”, GeoArabia, 20(4), 17–36. 7 (2015).
• 27. K. H. Karim and M. Abioui, “Geology of the Zagros basaltic bodies: Examples from the Avroman Mountains, Kurdistan Region, Northeast Iraq”, Journal of Sedimentary Environments, 6(2), 169–188 (2021).
• 28. Y.A. Kettanah and A.H. Bamarni, “Petrogenesis, geochemistry and tectonic setting of a basaltic body within the Gercus Formation of northern Iraq: First record for Eocene anorogenic volcanic activity in the region” Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 27(6), 460–491(2018).
• 29. K.H. Karim, P.A. Khanaqa, S.M. Babashekh, “Revisiting the “Gercus basalt within the Eocene Gercus Formation”: Implications for the sedimentary origin of a basaltic body, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq”, Ore and Energy Resource Geology, 4–5, 100008 (2020).
• 30. A.S. Abdulrahman, “Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Odd Basaltic Rocks Capping Burnt Hills in Injana Area, Hemrin South Mountainx, Northern Iraq”, M.Sc. thesis. Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq, p. 117(2016).
• 31. Y.A. Kettanah, A.S. Abdulrahman, S.A. Ismail, D.J., MacDonald and H. Al Humadi, “Petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Hemrin Basalt, Northern Iraq: Implications for petrogenesis and geotectonics”, Lithos, 390, 106109 (2021).
• 32. M.M. Hassan, B.G. Jones, S. Buckman, A. I. Al Jubory, S.A. Ismail, “Source area and tectonic provenance of Paleocene–Eocene red bed clastics from the Kurdistan area NE Iraq: Bulk-rock geochemistry constraints”, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 109, 68–86 (2015).
• 33. R.C. Bellen, H.V. Dunnington, R. Wetzel, and D. Morton, “Lexique Stratigraphique International Asie, Iraq”, Vol. 3C, 10a, 333 p. (1959).
• 34. S. Ali, M. Mohajjel, K. Aswad, S. Ismail, S. Buckman and B. Jones, “Tectono-stratigraphy and general structure of the northwestern Zagros collision zone across the Iraq-Iran border”, Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 4(4), 92-110 (2014).
• 35. S.A. Ali, A.P. Nutman, K.J. Aswad and B.G. Jones, “Overview of the tectonic evolution of the Iraqi Zagros thrust zone: Sixty million years of Neotethyan ocean subduction”, Journal of Geodynamics, 129, 162–177 (2019).
• 36. S.A. Ali, S. Buckman, K.J. Aswad, B.G. Jones, S.A. Ismail and A.P. Nutman, “Recognition of Late Cretaceous Hasanbag ophiolite-arc rocks in the Kurdistan Region of the Iraqi Zagros suture zone: A missing link in the paleogeography of the closing Neotethys Ocean”, Li
• 37. H. Sigurdsson, R. S. J. Sparks, S. T. Carey and T. C. Huang, “Volcanogenic sedimentation in the Lesser Antilles arc”, The Journal of Geology, 88(5), 523-540 (1980).
• 38. W. Johannes and L. N. Gupta, “Origin and evolution of a migmatite”, Contrib Mineral Petrol 79, 114–123 (1982)
• 39. I.K. Al-Saffi, A. Hadi and A. M. A. Aqrawi, “Petrology of Gabbroic rocks of Mawat Ophiolite Complex (central Sector), NE, Iraq”, Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 8(2), 65–85 (2012).
• 40. Y.O. Mohammad, D.H. Cornell, J.H.M. Qaradaghi and F.O. Mohammad,” Geochemistry and Ar–Ar muscovite ages of the Daraban leucogranite, Mawat ophiolite, northeastern Iraq: Implications for Arabia–Eurasia continental collision”, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 86, 151–
• 41. K. Abdulzahra, A. Hadi, Y. Asahara, H. Azizi and K. Yamamoto, “Petrogenesis and geochronology of Mishao peraluminous I-type granites, Shalair valley area, NE Iraq”, Chemie der Erde, 78(2), 215–227 (2018).
• 42. K.H. Karim and B.J. Hamza, “Relation between Walash Group and Kolosh Formation: a key to the stratigraphy of the Penjween area”, In The 1st International Conference for Natural Resources Research Center, Geo Iraq1, Tikrit city, University of Tikrit (2021).
• 43. H. Al Humadi, M. Väisänen, S. A. Ismail, J. Kara, H. O’Brien, Y. Lahaye and M. Lehtonen, “U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope data from the Late Cretaceous Mawat ophiolite, NE Iraq”, Heliyon, 5(11),1-19 (2019).
• 44. Nutman, S. Ali., Y. Mohammad, B.G. Jones and Q. Zhang, “The early Eocene (48 Ma) Qaladeza trondhjemite formed by wet partial remelting of mafic crust in the arc‑related Bulfat Igneous Complex (Kurdistan, Iraq): constraints on the timing of Neotethys closure”, Ara
• 45. K. H. Karim, “Geology of Zagros metamorphosed volcaniclastic sandstones: a key for changing the Mawat Ophiolite Complex to a metamorphic core complex, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq”, Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 906 012024, (2021).
• 46. K. Bucher, R. Grapes, K. Bucher and R. Grapes,” Metamorphism of marls. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks”, 315-338 (2011).
• 47. R.G. Coleman, Ophiolites: Ancient Oceanic Lithosphere? Springer, Berlin, 229p.(1977).
• 48. J. Stocklin, “Structural history and tectonic of Iran: A review”, AAPG, USA, 52, pp. 1229–1258 (1968).
• 49. A.J. Wells, “The crush zone of the Iranian Zagros Mountains, and its implications”, Geological Magazine 106(5), 385–394 (1969).
• 50. F.J. Pettijohn, P.E. Potter and R. Siever, “Sand and Sandstone”, Second Edition Springer-Verlag (1987).
• 51. K.H. Karim, “Origin of ball and pillow-like structures in Tanjero and Kolosh Formation in Sulaymania area, NE-Iraq” KAJ, 4(1), 1–15(2005).
• 52. Y. Ogawa, “Tectonics of some forearc fold belts in and around the arc-arc crossing area in central Japan. In J. K. Leggett (Ed.), Trench-forearc geology: Sedimentation and tectonics on modern and ancient active plate margins. Geological Society of London”, Blackwell
• 53. I. Okay, P. J. Noble and U. K. Tekin, “Devonian radiolarian ribbon cherts from the Karakaya Complex, Northwest Turkey: Implications for the Paleo-Tethyan evolution”, Comptes Rendus Palevol, 10(1), 1-10 (2011).
• 54. Y.O. Mohammad, S. Ali, N. Aziz, I.M. Yara and K.L. Abdulla, “Comment on “Generation and exhumation of granitoid intrusions in the Penjween ophiolite complex, NW Zagros of the Kurdistan region of Iraq: implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Arabia–Eurasia
• 55. Y.O. Mohammad, “Cumulate and tectonite dunite from Mawat Ophiolite, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq: Field evidence and mineral chemical constraints”, Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 16(1):15-33 (2020).
• 56. Y.O. Mohammad and D. H. Cornell, “U–Pb zircon geochronology of the Daraban leucogranite, Mawat ophiolite, Northeastern Iraq: A record of the subduction to collision history for the Arabia–Eurasia plates”, Island Arc, 26 (3), 1–12 (2017).
• 57. W. R. Dickinson and C. A. Suczek, “Plate tectonics and sandstone compositions”, AAPG Bulletin, 63(12), 2164–2182 (1979).
• 58. W. R. Dickinson and R. Valloni, “Plate settings and provenance of sands in modern ocean basins”, Geology, 8(2), 82-86 (1980).
• 59. A. Omar, F. A. Lawa and S. H. Sulaiman, “Tectonostratigraphic and structural imprints from balanced sections across the north-western Zagros fold-thrust belt, Kurdistan region, NE Iraq”, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(10), 8107-8129 (2015).
• 60. G.A. Farhoudi, “Comparison of Zagros geology to island arcs”, Journal of Geology, 86(3), 323–334 (1978).
• 61. K.H. Karim, “Early Cretaceous calciturbidites facies from Zagros Fold–Thrust belt: a key to paleogeography and environment of northeast Arabian Platform Passive Margin, examples from Kurdistan Region, Northeast Iraq”, Carbonates and Evaporites, 35(1), 1-18 (2020).
• 62. Z. H. Shomali, F. Keshvari, J. Hassanzadeh and N. Mirzaei, “Lithospheric structure beneath the Zagros collision zone resolved by non-linear teleseismic tomography”, Geophysical Journal International, 187(1), 394-406 (2011).
• 63. G. F. Moore, J.R. Curray and F.J. Emmel, “Sedimentation in the Sunda Trench and forearc region”, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 10(1), 245-258 (1982).
• 64. T. M. Thornburg and L. D. Kulm, “Sedimentation in the Chile Trench: Depositional morphologies, lithofacies, and stratigraphy”, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 98(1), 33–52, 18 (1987).
• 65. M. G. Lomize and M. V. Luchitskaya, “Subduction of spreading ridges as a factor in the evolution of continental margins”, Geotectonics, 46(1), 47–68 (2012).
• 66. M. F. Brunet, M.V. Korotaev, A. V. Ershov and A.M. Nikishin, “The South Caspian Basin: a review of its evolution from subsidence modeling”, Sedimentary geology, 156(1-4), 119-148 (2003).
• 67. N. A. Abdullayev, F. Kadirov and I. S. Guliyev, “Subsidence history and basin-fill evolution in the South Caspian Basin from geophysical mapping, flexural backstripping, forward lithospheric modelling and gravity modelling”, Geological Society, London, Special Publi
• 68. R. L. Folk, P. B. Andrews and D. W. Lewis, “Detrital sedimentary rock classification and nomenclature for use in New Zealand”, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 13(4), 937–968 (1970).
• 69. P. D. Komar, “Placer deposits”. In M. L. Schwartz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of coastal science. Encyclopedia of Earth science series. Springer (2005).
• 70. H. Moinevaziri and T. A. Mirza, “Characteristics and origin of iron mineralization in northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Iran-Iraq)”, Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 17 (1) 43-58 (2021).
• 71. K. Al-Bassam, “Petrology and chemistry of some exotic rock fragments from Jabal Sanam, Basrah, Iraq”, Iraqi Bull Geol Min, 7(1), 39-53 (2011)
• 72. Y. O. Mohammad, “P–T evolution of meta-peridotite in the Penjwin ophiolite, northeastern Iraq’, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 6(2), 505-518 (2013).
• 73. R. Chaharlang, and M.R. Ghorbani, “A hidden crust beneath the central Urumieh‑Dokhtar Magmatic Arc revealed by inherited zircon ages Tafresh, Iran”, Geological Journal, 55(5) (2020).
• 74. Y. O. Mohammad and J. H. Qaradaghi, “Geochronological and mineral chemical constraints on the age and formation conditions of the leucogranite in the Mawat ophiolite, Northeastern of Iraq: Insight to sync-subduction zone granite”, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(1
• 75. S. A. Ismail, R. I. Koshnaw, D. E. Barber, H.A. Al Humadi and D.F. Stockli, “Generation and exhumation of granitoid intrusions in the Penjween complex, NW Zagros of the Kurdistan region of Iraq: Implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Arabian-Eurasian coll
• 76. H. J. Kareem, “Mineralogy and geochemistry of Granitoid pegmatite dykes from Mawat ophiolite, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq”, MSc Thesis, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyiah City (2015).
• 77. H. C. Bostock, D. M. Tracey, K. I. Currie, G. B. Dunbar and M.R. Handler, S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher, A. M. Smith, M. J. M. Williams, “The carbonate mineralogy and distribution of habitat-forming deep-sea corals in the southwest Pacific region”, Deep-Sea Research Par
• 78. K. J. A Aswad, A.H.M. Al-Samman, N. R. H. Aziz and A. M. A Koyi, “The geochronology and petrogenesis of Walash volcanic rocks, Mawat nappes: Constraints on the evolution of the northwestern Zagros suture zone, Kurdistan Region, Iraq”, Arabian Journal of Geosciences,
• 79. H. Azizi, A. Hadi, Y. Asahara, and Y. O. Mohammad, “Geochemistry and geodynamics of the Mawat mafic complex in the Zagros Suture zone, northeast Iraq”, Cent. Eur. J. Geosci., 5(4): 523-537 (2013).