Impact of climatic changes in the Late Pleistocene on migrations and extinction of mammals in Europe : four case studies

• Autorzy: Baca M. , Nadachowski A. , Lipecki G. , Mackiewicz P. , Marciszak A. , Popović D. , Socha P. , Stefaniak K. , Wojtal P.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.7306/gq.1319

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Climate changes that occurred during the Late Pleistocene had profound effects on the distribution of many plant and animal species and influenced the formation of contemporary faunas and floras of Europe. The course and mechanisms of responses of species to past climate changes are now being intensely studied by the use of direct radiocarbon dating and genetic analyses of fossil remains. Here, we review the advances in understanding these processes by the example of four mammal species: woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), cave bear (Ursus spelaeus s.l.), saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) and collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx ssp.). The cases discussed here as well as others show that migrations, range shifts and local extinctions were the main responses to climate changes and that the dynamics of these climate-driven processes were much more profound than was previously thought. Each species reacted in its individual manner, which depended on its biology and adaptation abilities to changing environmental and climatic conditions. The most severe changes in European ecosystems that affected the largest number of species took place around 33–31 ka BP, during the Last Glacial Maximum 22–19 ka BP and the Late Glacial warming 15–13 ka BP.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

ancient DNA; radiocarbon dating; migrations; climate changes

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: Vol. 61, No. 2
• Strony: 291--304
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 118 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Baca M.

• University of Warsaw, Center of Precolumbian Studies, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Nadachowski A.

• Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland

autor

Lipecki G.

• Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland

autor

Mackiewicz P.

• University of Wrocław, Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland

autor

Marciszak A.

• University of Wrocław, Department of Paleozoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Popović D.

• University of Warsaw, Centre of New Technologies, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Socha P.

• University of Wrocław, Department of Paleozoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Stefaniak K.

• University of Wrocław, Department of Paleozoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Wojtal P.

• Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Alroy, J., 2001. A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science, 292: 1893-1896.
• 2. Baca, M., Stankovic, A., Stefaniak, K., Marciszak, A., Nadachowski, A., Węgleński, P., Mackiewicz, P., 2012. Genetic analysis of cave bear specimens from Niedźwiedzia cave. Palaeontologica Electronica, 15: 16.
• 3. Baca, M., Mackiewicz, P., Stankovic, A., Popović, D., Stefaniak, K., Czarnogórska, K., Nadachowski, A., Gąsiorowski, M., Hercman, H., Weglenski, P., 2014. Ancient DNA and dating of cave bear remains from Niedźwiedzia Cave suggest early appearance of Ursus ingressus in Sudetes. Quaternary International, 339-340: 217-223.
• 4. Baca, M., Popović, D., Stefaniak, K., Marciszak, A., Urbanowski, M., Nadachowski, A., Mackiewicz, P., 2016. Retreat and extinction of the Late Pleistocene cave bear (Ursus spelaeus sensu lato). The Science of Nature, 103: 92.
• 5. Barnosky, A.D., Koch, P.L., Feranec, R.S., Wing, S.L., Shabel, A.B., 2004. Assessing the causes of late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science, 306: 70-75.
• 6. Barshay-Szmidt, C., Costamagno, S., Henry-Gambier, D., Laroulandie, V., Pétillon J.-M., Boudadi-Maligne, M., Kuntz, D., Langlais, M., Mallye, J.-B., 2016. New extensive focused AMS 14C dating of the Middle and Upper Magdalenian of the western Aquitaine/Pyrenean region of France (ca. 19-14 ka cal BP): Proposing a new model forits chronological phases and for the timing of accupation. Quaternary International, 414: 62-91.
• 7. Baryshnikov, G., 1998. Cave bears from the Paleolithic of the Greater Caucasus. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, 27: 69-118.
• 8. Baryshnikov, G., Tikhonov, A., 1994. Notes on skulls of Pleistocene saiga of northern Eurasia. Historical Biology, 8: 209-234.
• 9. Bocherens, H., Fizet, M., Mariotti, A., 1994. Diet, physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry: implications for Pleistocene bears. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 107: 213-225.
• 10. Bocherens, H., Billiou, D., Patou-Mathis, M., Bonjean, D., Otte, M., Mariotti, A., 1997. Paleobiological implications of the isotopic signatures (13C,15N) of fossil mammal collagen in Scladina Cave (Sclayn, Belgium). Quaternary Research, 48: 370-380.
• 11. Bocherens, H., Bridault, A., Drucker, D.G., Hofreiter, M., Münzel, S.C., Stiller, M., van der Plicht J., 2014. The last of its kind? Radiocarbon, ancient DNA and stable isotope evidence from a late cave bear (Ursus spelaeus ROSEN- MÜLLER, 1794) from Rochedane (France). Quaternary International, 339-340: 179-188.
• 12. Campos, P.F., Willerslev, E., Sher, A., Orlando, L., Axelsson, E., Tikhonov, A., Aaris-Sørensen, K., Greenwood, A.D., Kahlke R.D., Kosintsev, P., Krakhmalnaya, T., Kuznetsova, T., Lemey, P., MacPhee, R., Norris, C.A., Shepherd, K., Suchard, M.A., Zazula, G.D., Shapiro, B., Gilbert, T.P., 2010a. Ancient DNA analyses exclude humans as the driving force behind late Pleistocene musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) population dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107: 5675-5680.
• 13. Campos, P.F., Kristensen, T., Orlando, L., Sher, A., Kholodova, M.V., Götherström, A., Hofreiter, M., Drucker, D.G., Kosintsev, P., Tikhonov, A., Baryshnikov, G.F., Willerslev, E., Gilbert, M.T.P., 2010b. Ancient DNA sequences point to large loss of mitochondrial genetic diversity in the saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) since the Pleistocene. Molecular Ecology, 19: 4863-4875.
• 14. Chaline, J., Brunet-Lecomte, P., Montuire, S., Viriot, L., Courant, F., 1999. Anatomy of the arvicoline radiation (Rodentia): palaeogeographical, palaeoecological history and evolutionary data. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 36: 239-267.
• 15. Cooper, A., Turney, C., Hughen, K.A., Barry, W., McDonald, H.G., Bradshaw, C.J.A., 2015. Abrupt warming events drove Late Pleistocene Holarctic megafaunal turnover. Science Express, 349: 1-8.
• 16. Dabney, J., Knapp, M., Glocke, I., Gansauge, M.T., Weihmann, A., Nickel, B., Valdiosera, C., García, N., Pääbo, S., Arsuaga, J.L., Meyer, M., 2013. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110: 15758-15763.
• 17. Debruyne, R., Chu, G., King, C.E., Bos, K., Kuch, M., Schwarz, C., Szpak, P., Gröcke, D.R., Matheus, P., Zazula, G., Guthrie, D., Froese, D., Buigues, B., de Marliave, C., Flemming, C., Poinar, D., Fisher, D., Southon, J., Tikhonov, A.N., MacPhee, R.D.E., Poinar, H.N., 2008. Out of America: ancient DNA evidence for a new world origin of Late Quaternary woolly mammoths. Current Biology, 18: 1320-1326.
• 18. Diedrich, C.G., 2014. Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene top predators in Europe: Ice Age spotted hyenas and steppe lions in battle and competition about prey. Paleontology Journal, 2014: 1-34.
• 19. Fedorov, V.B., 1999. Contrasting mitochondrial DNA diversity estimates in two sympatric genera of Arctic lemmings (Dicrostonyx: Lemmus) indicate different responses to Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 266: 621-626.
• 20. Fedorov, V., Goropashnaya, A., 1999. The importance of ice ages in diversification of arctic collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx): evidence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b region. Hereditas, 130: 301-307.
• 21. Fedorov, V.B., Fredga, K., Jarrellâ, G.H., 1999. Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolutionary history of chromosome races of collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx) in the Eurasian Arctic. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12: 134-145.
• 22. Fernández-Mosquera, D., Vila-Taboada, M., Grandal-d'Anglade, A., 2001. Stable isotopes data (813C, 815N) from the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus): a new approach to its palaeoenvironment and dormancy. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 268: 1159-1164.
• 23. Fortes, G.G., Grandal-d'Anglade, A., Kolbe, B., Fernandes, D., Meleg, I.N., García-Vázquez, A., Pinto-Llona, A.C., Constantin, S., de Torres, T.J., Ortiz, J.E., Frischauf, C., Rabeder, G., Hofreiter, M., Barlow, A., 2016. Ancient DNA reveals differences in behaviour and sociality between brown bears and extinctcave bears. Molecular Ecology, 25: 4907-4918.
• 24. Gilbert, M., Drautz, D., 2008. Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105: 8327-8332.
• 25. Graham, R.W., Lundelius, E.L., Graham, M.A., Schroeder, E.K., Toomey, R.S., Anderson, E., Barnosky, A.D., Burns, J.A., Churcher, C.S., Grayson, D.K., Guthrie, D., Harington, C.R., Jefferson, G.T., Martin, L.D., McDonald, G., Morlan, R.E., Semken, Jr., H.A., Webb, S.D., Werdelin, L., Wilson, M.C., 1996. Spatial response of mammals to Late Qua ternary environmental fluctuations. Science, 272: 1601-1606.
• 26. Grayson, D.K., Delpech, F., 2003. Ungulates and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition at Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France). Journal of Archaeological Science, 30: 1633-1648.
• 27. Groves, C.P., Leslie, D.E.Jr., 2011. Family Bovidae (hollow-horned ruminants). In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World, 2 Hoofed Mammals (eds. D.E. Wilson and R.A. Mittermeier): 444-779. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
• 28. Hewitt, G.M., 2004. Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 359: 183-195.
• 29. Helmens, K.F., 2014. The last interglacial-glacial cycle (MIS 5-2) re-examined based on long proxy records from central and northern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 86: 115-123.
• 30. Hofreiter, M., Stewart, J., 2009. Ecological change, range fluctuations and population dynamics during the Pleistocene. Current Biology, 19: R584-R594.
• 31. Hofreiter, M., Capelli, C., Krings, M., Waits, L., Conard, N., Munzel, S., Rabeder, G., Nagel, D., Paunovic, M., Jambresić, G., Meyer, S., Weiss, G., Pääbo, S., 2002. Ancient DNA analyses reveal high mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and parallel morphological evolution of Late Pleistocene cave bears. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19: 1244-1250.
• 32. Hofreiter, M., Rabeder, G., Jaenicke-Després, V., Withalm, G., Nagel, D., Paunovic, M., Jambresić, G., Pääbo, S., 2004. Evidence for reproductive isolation between Cave Bear populations. Current Biology, 14: 40-43.
• 33. Hofreiter, M., Münzel, S., Conard, N.J., Poliack, J., Slatkin, M., Weiss, G., Pääbo, S., 2007. Sudden replacement of cave bear mitochondrial DNA in the late Pleistocene. Current Biology, 17: R1 22-3.
• 34. Horn, S., Prost, S., Stiller, M., Makowiecki, D., Kuznetsova, T., Benecke, N., Pucher, E., Hufthammer, A.K., Schouwenburg, C., Shapiro, B., Hofreiter, M., 2014. Ancient mitochondrial DNA and the genetic history of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 23: 1717-1729.
• 35. Huijzer, B., Vandenberghe, J., 1998. Climatic reconstruction of the Weichselian Pleniglacial in northwestern and central Europe. Journal of Quaternary Science, 13: 391-417.
• 36. Jarrell, G., Fregda, K., 1993. How many kinds of lemmings? A taxonomic overview. In: The Biology of Lemmings (eds. N. Stenseth and R. Ims): 45-57. Academic Press, London.
• 37. Kahlke, R.D., 1991. Pleistocene distributional and evolutionary history of the genus Saiga Gray, 1843 (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae) in the Palaearctic. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 10: 314-322.
• 38. Kahlke, R.D., 1999. The History of the Origin, Evolution and Dispersal of the Late Pleistocene Mammuthus-Coelodonta Faunal Complex in Eurasia (Large Mammals). Fenske Companies: Rapid City, SD.
• 39. Kahlke, R.D., 2014. The origin of Eurasian Mammoth faunas (Mammuthus-Coelodonta Faunal Complex). Quaternary Science Reviews, 96: 32-49.
• 40. Kahlke, R.D., 2015. The max i mum geographic extension of Late Pleistocene Mammuthus primigenius (Proboscidea, Mammalia) and its limiting factors. Quaternary International, 379: 147-154.
• 41. Kholodova, M.V., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Easton, A.J., Amgalan, L., Arylov, Iu.A., Bekenov, A., Grachev, Iu.A., Lushchekina, A.A., Ryder, O., 2006. Mitochondrial DNA variation and population structure of the critically endangered saiga antelope Saiga tatarica. Oryx, 40: 103-107.
• 42. Knapp, M., Rohland, N., Weinstock, J., Baryshnikov, G.F., Sher, A., Nagel, D., Rabeder, G., Pinhasi, R., Schmidt, H.A., Hofreiter, M., 2009. First DNA sequences from Asian cave bear fossils reveal deep divergences and complex phylogeographic patterns. Molecular Ecology, 18: 1225-1238.
• 43. Koch, P.L., Barnosky, A.D., 2006. Late Quaternary extinctions: state of the debate. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 37: 215-250.
• 44. Kowalski, K., 1995. Lemmings (Mammalia, Rodentia) as indicators of temperature and humidity in the European Quaternary. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 38: 85-94.
• 45. Krajcarz, M., Pacher, M., Krajcarz, M.T., Laughlan, L., Rabeder, G., Sabol, M., Wojtal, P., Bocherens, H., 2016. Isotopic variability of cave bears (815N, 813C) across Europe during MIS 3. Quaternary Science Review, 131: 51-72.
• 46. Kurtén, B., 1976. The cave bear story: life and death of a vanished animal. Columbia University Press.
• 47. Langlais, M., Laroulandie, V., Costamagno, S., Pétillon, J.-M., Mallye, J.-B., Lacrampe-Cuyaubere, F., Boudadi-Maligne, M., Barshay-Szmidt, C., Masset, C., Pubert, E., Rendu, W., Lenoir, M., 2015. Premiers temps du Magdalénien en Gironde Réévaluation des fouilles Trécolle a Saint-Germain-le-Riviere (France). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française, 112: 5-58.
• 48. Lister, A.M., Sher, A.V., 2001. The origin and evolution of the woolly mammoth. Science, 294: 1094-1097.
• 49. Lister, A.M., Sher, A.V., van Essen, H., Wei, G., 2005. The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia. Quaternary International, 126-128:49-64.
• 50. Lister, A.M., Stuart, A.J., 2008. The impact of climate change on large mammal distribution and extinction: evidence from the last glacial/interglacial transition. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 340: 615-620.
• 51. Lorenzen, E.D., Nogués-Bravo, D., Orlando, L., Weinstock, J., Binladen, J., Marske, K.A., Ugan, A., Borregaard, M.K., Gilbert, M.T.P., Nielsen, R., Ho, S.Y.W., Goebel, T., Graf, K.E., Byers, D., Stenderup, J.T., Rasmussen, M., Campos, P.F., Leonard, J.A., Koepfli, K.P., Froese, D., Zazula, G., Stafford, TW.Jr., Aaris-Sorensen, K., Batra, P., Haywood, A.M., Singarayer, J.S., Valdes, P.J., Boeskorov, G., Burns, J.A., Davydov, S.P., Haile, J., Jenkins, D.L., Kosintsev, P., Kuznetsova, T., Lai, X., Martin, L.D., McDonald, G.H., Mol, D., Meldgaard, M., Munch, K., Stephan, E., Sablin, M., Sommer, R.S., Sipko, T., Scott, E., Suchard, M.A., Tikhonov, A., Willerslev, R., Wayne, R.K., Cooper, A., Hofreiter, M., Sher, A., Shapiro, B., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., 2011. Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans. Nature, 479: 359-364.
• 52. Lõugas, L., Ukkonen, P., Jungner, H., 2002. Dating the extinction of European mammoths: new evidence from Estonia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21: 1347-1354.
• 53. Mackiewicz, P., Wiszniowska, T., Olejniczak, A.J., Stefaniak, K., Socha, P., Nadachowski, A., 2010. Analysis of dental enamel thickness in bears with special attention to Ursus spelaeus and U. wenzensis (=minimus) in comparison to selected representatives of mammals. In: Morphology and Systematics of Fossil Vertebrates (ed. D. Nowakowski): 60-77: DN Publisher, Wrocław.
• 54. MacPhee, R.D.E., Tikhonov, A.N., Mol, D., de Marliave, C., van der Plicht, H., Greenwood, A.D., Flemming, C., Agenbroad, L., 2002. Radiocarbon chronologies and extinction dynamics of the late Quaternary mammalian megafauna of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russian Federation. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29: 1017-1042.
• 55. Markova, A.K., van Kolfschoten, T. eds., 2008. Evolution of European Ecosystems During Pleistocene-Holocene Transition 24-8 kyr BP (in Russian with English summary). KMK Scientific Press, Moscow.
• 56. Markova, A.K., Smirnov, N.G., Kozharinov, A.V., Kazantseva, N.E., Simakova, A.N., Kitaev L.M., 1995. Late Pleistocene distribution and diversity of mammals in Northern Eurasia. Paleontologia i Evolució, 28-29: 5-143.
• 57. Markova, A.K., Puzachenko, A.Y., van Kolfschoten, T., 2010. The North Eurasian mammal assemblages during the end of MIS 3 (Brianskian-Late Karginian-Denekamp Interstadial). Quaternary International, 212: 149-158.
• 58. Markova, A.K., Puzachenko, A.Y., van Kolfschoten, T., van der Plicht, J., Ponomarev, D.V., 2013. New data on changes in the European distribution of the mammoth and the woolly rhinoceros during the second half of the Late Pleistocene and the early Holocene. Quaternary International, 292: 4-14.
• 59. Martini, I., Coltorti, M., Mazza, P.P., Rustioni, M., Sandrelli, F., 2014. The latest Ursus spelaeus in Italy, a new contribution to the extinction chronology of the cave bear. Quaternary Research, 81: 117-124.
• 60. Maschenko, E., 2002. Individual development, biology and evolution of the woolly mammoth. Cranium, 19: 4-120.
• 61. Mix, A.C., Bard, E., Schneider, R., 2001. Environmental processes of the ice age: land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG). Quaternary Science Reviews, 20: 627-657.
• 62. Münzel, S.C., Stiller, M., Hofreiter, M., Mittnik, A., Conard, N.J., Bocherens, H., 2011. Pleistocene bears in the Swabian Jura (Germany): genetic replacement, ecological displacement, extinctions and survival. Quaternary International, 245: 1-13.
• 63. Nadachowski, A., 1992. Early Pleistocene Predicrostonyx (Rodentia, Mammalia) from Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 35: 203-216.
• 64. Nadachowski, A., Lipecki, G., Stefaniak, K., Lorenc, M., Wojtal, P., 2008. Extinction of the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) in Central Europe (in Polish and English summary). In: Archaeozoological research in Poland and Middle-East Europe, data - methods - interpretations (eds. D. Makowiecki, R. Abłamowicz, D. Abłamowicz, K. Smiarowski and M. Makohonienko): 76-78. Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań.
• 65. Nadachowski, A., Lipecki, G., Wojtal, P., Miękina, B., 2011. Radiocarbon chronology of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Poland. Quaternary International, 245: 186-192.
• 66. Nadachowski, A., Lipecki, G., Ratajczak, U., Stefaniak, K., Wojtal, P., 2016. Dispersal events of the saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) in Central Europe in response to the climatic fluctuations in MIS 2 and the early part of MIS 1. Quaternary International, 420: 357-362.
• 67. Pacher, M., Stuart, A.J., 2009. Extinction chronology and palaeobiology of the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus). Boreas, 38: 189-206.
• 68. Palkopoulou, E., Dalen, L., Lister, A.M., Vartanyan, S., Sablin, M., Sher, A., Nystrom Edmark, V., Barnes, I., Germonpre, M., Barnes, I., Thomas, J.A., 2013. Holarctic genetic structure and range dynamics in the woolly mammoth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 280: 20131910.
• 69. Palkopoulou, E., Mallick, S., Skoglund, P., Enk, J., Rohland, N., Li, H., Omrak, A., Vartanyan, S., Poinar, H., Götherström, A., Reich, D., Dalén, L., 2015. Complete genomes reveal signatures of demographic and genetic declines in the Woolly Mammoth. Current Biology, 25: 1-6.
• 70. Palkopoulou, E., Baca, M., Abramson, N.I, Sablin, M., Socha, P., Nadachowski, A., Prost, S., Germonpre, M., Kosintsev, P., Smirnov, N.G., Vartanyan, S., Ponomarev, D., Nystrom, J., Nikolskiy, P., Jass, C.N., Litvinov, Y.N., Kalthoff, D.C., Grigoriev, S., Fadeeva, T., Douka, A., Higham, T.F.G., Ersmark, E., Pitulko, V., Pavlova, E., Stewart, J.R., Weglenski, P., Stankovic, A., Dalen, L., 2016. Synchronous genetic turnovers across Western Eurasia in Late Pleistocene collared lemmings. Global Change Biology, 22: 1710-1721.
• 71. Pawłowska, K., 2015. Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland: state of knowledge. Quaternary International, 379: 89-105.
• 72. Péan, S., Puaud, S., Crépin, L., Prat, S., Quiles, A., van der Plicht, J., Valladas, H., Stuart, A.J., Drucker, D.G., Patou - Mathis, M., Lanoe, F., Yanevich, A., 2013. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic sequence of Buran-Kaya III (Crimea, Ukraine): new stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and chronological results. Radiocarbon, 55: 1454-1469.
• 73. Ponomarev, D., Puzachenko, A., 2015. Evolution of occlusal shape of the first and second upper molars of Middle-Pleistocene collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx, Arvicolinae, Rodentia) in northeast European Russia. Boreas, 44: 741-759.
• 74. Popović, D., Baca, M., Stefaniak, K., Lipecki, G., Nadachowski, A., Marciszak, A., Sabol, M., Ridush, B., Roblíčková, M., Káňa, V., Obada, T., Stankovic, A., Mackiewicz, P., 2015. Genetic studies of cave bear (Ursus ingressus) populations from Central and Eastern Europe. In: 21st International Cave Bear Symposium, Leiden, Neatherlands. Program and Abstracts pp. 28, WPZ, Leiden.
• 75. Prescott, G.W., Williams, D.R., Balmford, A., Green, R.E., Manica, A., 2012. Quantitative global analysis of the role of climate and people in explaining late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109: 4527-4531.
• 76. Prost, S., Smirnov, N., Fedorov, V.B., Sommer, R.S., Stiller, M., Nagel, D., Knapp, M., Hofreiter, M., 2010. Influence of climate warming on arctic mammals? New insights from ancient DNA studies of the collared lemming Dicrostonyx torquatus. PLoS One, 5: e10447.
• 77. Rabeder, G., Hofreiter, M., 2004. Der neue Stammbaum der alpinen Höhlenbären. Die Höhle, 55: 1-19.
• 78. Rabeder, G., Hofreiter, M., Nagel, D., Withalm, G., 2004a. New taxa of Alpine cave bears (Ursidae, Carnivora). Cahiers Scientifiques-Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon, HS 2: 49-67.
• 79. Rabeder, G., Hofreiter, M., Withalm, G., 2004b. The systematic position of the Cave Bear from Potocka zijalka (Slovenia). Mitteilungen der Kommission fur Quartärforschung der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 13: 197-200.
• 80. Ramsey, C.B., 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon, 51: 337-360.
• 81. Rasmussen, S.O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S.P., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S.L., Clausen, H.B., Cvijanovic, I., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S.J., Fischer, H., Gkinis, V., Guillevic, M., Hoek, W.Z., Lowe, J.J., Pedro, J.B., Popp, T., Seierstad, I.K., Steffensen, J.P., Svensson, A.M., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B.M., Walker, M.J.C., Wheatley, J.J., Winstrup, M., 2014. A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 106: 14-28.
• 82. Ratajczak, U., Shpansky, A.V., Malikov, D.G., Stefaniak, K., Nadachowski, A., Wojtal, P., Ridush, B., Krakhmalnaya, T.V., Stepanchuk, V., Mackiewicz, P., 2016. Quaternary skulls of the saiga from eastern Europe and Siberia: Saiga borealis versus Saiga tatarica - one species or two? Quaternary International, 420: 329-347.
• 83. Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Ramsey, B.C., Buck, C.E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.M., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M., van der Plicht, J., 2013. IntCal 13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon, 55: 1869-1887.
• 84. Ridush, B., Stefaniak, K., Socha, P., Proskurnyak, Y., Marciszak, A., Vremir, M., Nadachowski, A., 2013. Emine-Bair Khosar Cave in the Crimea, a huge bone accumulation of Late Pleistocene fauna. Quaternary International, 284: 151-160.
• 85. Sabol, M., Bendík, A., Grivalský, M.M., Lizák, J., Michlík, I., 2014. Latest and highest fossil record of cave bears (Ursus ex gr. spelaeus) in Slovakian Western Carpathians. Quaternary International, 339-340: 189-196.
• 86. Sandom, C., Faurby, S., Sandel, B., Svenning, J.C., 2014. Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 281: 20133254.
• 87. Skog, A., Zachos, F.E., Rueness, E.K., Feulner, P.G.D., Mysterud, A., Langvatn, R., Lorenzini, R., Hmwe, S.S., Lehoczky, I., Hartl, G.B., Stenseth, N.C., Jakobsen, K.S., 2009. Phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe. Journal of Biogeography, 36: 66-77.
• 88. Smirnov, N.G., 2002. The rate of morphological changes in populations as a characteristic of the chronological structure of the evolutionary process. In: Populations, Communities, Evolution: Novoe Znanie, Kazan: 190-210.
• 89. Smirnov, N.G., Bolshakov, V.N., Borodin, A.V., 1986. Pleistocene rodents of northern Siberia (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow.
• 90. Sommer, R.S., Nadachowski, A., 2006. Glacial refugia of mammals in Europe: evidence from fossil records. Mammal Review, 36: 251-265.
• 91. Sommer, R.S., Zachos, F.E., 2009. Fossil evidence and phylogeography of temperate species: “Glacial refugia” and post-glacial recolonization. Journal of Biogeography, 36: 2013-2020.
• 92. Sommer, R.S., Zachos, F.E., Street, M., Jöris, O., Skog, A., Benecke, N., 2008. Late Quaternary distribution dynamics and phylogeography of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Eutope. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27: 714-733.
• 93. Sommer, R.S., Fahlke, J.M., Schmölcke, U., Benecke, N., Zachos, F.E., 2009. Quaternary history of the European roe deer Capreolus capreolus. Mammal Review, 39: 1-16.
• 94. Sommer, R.S., Kalbe, J., Ekström, J., Benecke, N., Ronnie, L., 2014. Range dynamics of the reindeer in Europe during the last 25,000 years. Journal of Biogeography, 41: 298-306.
• 95. Stamatis, C., Suchentrunk, F., Moutou, K.A., Giacometti, M., Haerer, G., Djan, M., Vapa, L., Vukovic, M., Tvrtković, N., Sert, H., Alves, P.C., Mamuris, Z., 2009. Phylogeography of the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Europe: a legacy of southt - eastern Mediterranean refugia? Journal of Biogeography, 36: 515-528.
• 96. Steffensen, J.P., Andersen, K.K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M., Johnsen, S.J., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Popp, T., Rasmussen, S.O., Röthlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Stauffer, B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.L., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, A.E., Svensson, A., White, J.W.C., 2008. High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years. Science, 321: 680-684.
• 97. Stewart, J.R., 2007. Neanderthal extinction as part of the faunal change in Europe during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 50A: 93-124.
• 98. Stewart, J., Cooper, A., 2008. Ice Age refugia and Quaternary extinctions: an issue of Quaternary evolutionary palaeoecology. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27: 2443-2448.
• 99. Stewart, J.R., Lister, A.M., Barnes, I., Dalén, L., 2010. Refugia revisited: individualistic responses of species in space and time. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 277: 661-671.
• 100. Stiller, M., Baryshnikov, G.F., Bocherens, H., Grandal d'Anglade, A., Hilpert, B., Münzel, S.C., Pinhasi, R., Rabeder, G., Rosendahl, W., Trinkaus, E., Hofreiter, M., Knapp, M., 2010. Withering away - 25,000 years of genetic decline preceded cave bear extinction. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27: 975-978.
• 101. Stiller, M., Molak, M., Prost, S., Rabeder, G., Baryshnikov, G.F., Rosendahl, W., Münzel, S., Bocherens, H., Grandal-d'Anglade, A., Hilpert, B., Germonpré, M., Stasyk, O., Pinhasi, R., Tintori, A., Rohland, N., Mohandesan, E., Ho, S.Y.W., Hofreiter, M., Knapp, M., 2014. Mitochondrial DNA diversity and evolution of the Pleistocene cave bear complex. Quaternary International, 339-340: 224-231.
• 102. Stuart, A.J., 2005. The extinction of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) in Europe. Quaternary International, 126-128: 171-177.
• 103. Stuart, A.J., 2015. Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions on the continents: a short review. Geological Journal, 50: 338-363.
• 104. Stuart, A.J., Lister, A.M., 2011. Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30: 2329-2340.
• 105. Stuart, A.J., Lister, A.M., 2012. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitats in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia. Quaternary Sciences Reviews, 51: 1-17.
• 106. Stuart, A.J., Lister, A.M., 2014. New radiocarbon evidence on the extirpation of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta (Erxl.) in northern Eurasia. Quaternary Sciences Reviews, 96: 108-116.
• 107. Stuart, A.J., Sulerzhitsky, L.D., Orlova, L.A., Kuzmin, Y.V., Lister, A.M., 2002. The latest woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: a review of the current evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21: 1559-1569.
• 108. Stuart, A.J., Kosintsev, P.A., Higham, T.F.G., Lister, A.M., 2004. Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature, 431: 684-689.
• 109. Svensson, A., Andersen, K.K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Davies, S.M., Johnsen, S.J., Muscheler, R., Parrenin, F., Röthlisberger, R., Seierstad, I., Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M., 2008. A 60 000 year Green! and stratigraphic ice core chronology. Climate of the Past, 4: 47-57.
• 110. Tarasov, P.E., Volkova, V.S.V., Webb, T., Guiot, J., Andreev, A.A., Bezusko, L.G., Bezusko, T.V., Bykova, G.V., Dorofeyuk, N.I., Kvavadze, E.V., Osipova, I.M., Panova, N.K., Sevastyanov, D.V., 2000. Last glacial maximum biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data from northern Eurasia. Journal of Biogeography, 27: 609-620.
• 111. Ukkonen, P., Aaris-Sørensen, K., Arppe, L., Clark, P.U., Daugnora, L., Lister, A.M., Lõugas, L., Seppä, H., Sommer, R.S., Stuart, A.J., Wojtal, P., Zupiņš, I., 2011. Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius Blum.) and its environment in orthern Europe during the last glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30: 693-712.
• 112. Van Heteren, A.H., MacLarnon, A., Soligo, C., Rae, T.C., 2014. Functional morphology of the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) cranium: a three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis. Quaternary International, 339-340: 209-216.
• 113. Taboada, V.M., Mosquera, F.D., Gonzalez, L.F., d'Anglade, G.A., Romani, V.J.R., 1999. Paleoecological implications inferred from stable isotopic signatures (813C, 815N) in bone collagen of “Ursus spelaeus" ROS.-HEIN. Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe: Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular, 24: 73-87.
• 114. Wilczyński, J., Wojtal, P., Sobieraj, D., Sobczyk, K., 2015. Kraków Spadzista trench C2: new research and interpretations of Gravettian settlement. Quaternary International, 359-360: 96-113.
• 115. Wiszniowska, T., Mackiewicz, P., Stefaniak, K., Socha, P., Nowakowski, D., Nadachowski, A., 2010. Dental enamel structure in fossil bears Ursus spelaeus and U. wenzensis (=minimus) in comparison to selected representatives of other Carnivora. In: Morphology and Systematics of Fossil Vertebrates (ed. D. Nowakowski): 125-142: DN Publisher, Wrocław.
• 116. Wojtal, P., Wilczyński, J., 2015. Zooarchaeological studies of large mammal remains from Kraków Spadzista site - trench C2 and trech E1 (2011-2012 excatations). In: A Gravettian site in Southern Poland: Kraków Spadzista (eds. P. Wojtal, J. Wilczyński and Haynes): 93-111. ISEA PAS.
• 117. Wojtal, P., Wilczyński, J., Nadachowski, A., Mönzel, S.C., 2015. Gravettian hunting and exploitation of bears in Central Europe. Quaternary International, 359-360: 58-71.
• 118. Zazhigin, V.S., 1980. Late Pliocene and Anthopogene Rodents of the South of Western Siberia (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow.

Uwagi

Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (zadania 2017).