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Rare erratic clasts - extraneous rock types - occur in the Upper Cretaceous Chalk, including a local basal facies, the Cambridge Greensand. The underlying Upper Albian Gault Clay and the Hunstanton Red Chalk Formations have also yielded erratics. The discovery of these erratics, their description and the development of hypotheses to explain their origins and significance are reviewed. They became the subject of scientific interest with the interpretation of a particularly large example “The Purley Boulder” by Godwin-Austen (1858) as having been transported to its depositional site in the Chalk Sea by drifting coastal ice. Thin section petrography (1930–1951) extended knowledge of their diverse provenance. At the same time the Chalk Sea had become interpreted as warm, so drifting ice was considered out of context, and the preferred agents of transport were entanglement in the roots of drifting trees, as holdfasts of floating marine algae, or as stomach stones of marine reptiles or large fish. Reconsideration of their occurrence, variable nature and sedimentary setting suggests that there are three zones in the English Chalk where erratics may be less rare (1) near the base of the Cenomanian in the Cambridge area, (2) the Upper Cenomanian-Middle Turonian in Surrey, and (3) the Upper Coniacian and Lower Santonian of Kent. The assemblage from each level and their sedimentary setting is subtly different. Present evidence suggests that the erratics found in the Upper Albian-Lower Cenomanian and the Upper Cenomanian-Middle Turonian zones represent shallow water and shoreline rocks that were transported into the Chalk Sea by coastal ice (fast-ice) that enclosed coastal marine sediments as it froze. The Upper Coniacian and Lower Santonian erratics from Rochester and Gravesend in Kent are gastroliths.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
287--304
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 47 poz., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
autor
- 4 Little Youngs, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL8 6SL, UK
Bibliografia
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- 8. Cope, J.C.W., Ingham, J.K. and Rawson, P.F. (Eds) 1992. Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies. Geological Society London, Memoir, 13, 153 pp.
- 9. Dibley, G.E. 1918. Additional notes on the Chalk of the Medway valley, Gravesend, west Kent, north-east Surrey, and Grays (Essex). Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 29, 68–93.
- 10. Double, I.S. 1931. Some boulders from the Chalk of Betchworth, Surrey. Geological Magazine, 68, 65–71.
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- 12. Fletcher, T.P. 1977. Lithostratigraphy of the Chalk (Ulster White Limestone Formation) in Northern Ireland. Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences, 77/24.
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- 16. Godwin-Austen, R. 1858. On a boulder of granite found in the “White Chalk” near Croydon, and on the extraneous stones from that Formation. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 14, 252–266.
- 17. Godwin-Austen, R. 1860. On the occurrence of a mass of coal in the Chalk of Kent. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 16, 326–327.
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- 22. Hawkes, L. 1951. The erratics of the English Chalk. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association. 62, 257–268.
- 23. Hu, X.-F., Jeans, C.V. and Dickson, J.A.D. 2012. Geochemical and stable isotope patterns of calcite cementation in the Upper Cretaceous Chalk, UK: Direct evidence from calcite- filled vugs in brachiopods. Acta Geologica Polonica, 62, 143–172.
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- 27. Jeans, C.V., Long, D., Hall, M.A., Bland, D.J. and Cornford, C. 1991. The geochemistry of the Plenus Marls at Dover, England: evidence of fluctuating oceanographic conditions and of glacial control during the development of the Cenomanian–Turonian δ13C anomaly. Geological Magazine, 128, 604–632.
- 28. Jeans, C.V., Merriman, R.J., Mitchell, J.G. and Bland. D.J. 1982. Volcanic clays in the Cretaceous of southern England and Northern Ireland. Clay Minerals, 17, 105–156.
- 29. Jeans, C.V., Wray, D. S., Williams, T.C., Bland, D.J. and Wood, C.J. 2021. Redox conditions, glacio-eustasy, and the status of the Cenomanian–Turonian Anoxic Event: new evidence from the Upper Cretaceous Chalk of England. Acta Geologica Polonica, 71, 103–152.
- 30. Jukes-Browne, A.J. and Hill, W. 1903. The Cretaceous rocks of Britain, Vol. II – The Lower and Middle Chalk of England. Memoir of the Geological Survey, 568 pp. HMSO; London.
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- 39. Schmidt, K. and Schreyer, E.D. 1973. Erratische Gerölle im Turon (Soester Grünsand) des südöstlichen Münsterlandes (Westfalen). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, 1973, 297–312.
- 40. Sollas, W.J. and Jukes-Browne, A.J. 1873. On the included rock- fragments of the Cambridge Upper Greensand. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 29, 11–16.
- 41. Stebbing, W.P.D. 1897. On two boulders of granite from the Middle Chalk of Betchworth, Surrey. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 53, 213–220.
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- 44. Whittle, C.H. and Onorato, L. 2000. On the origin of gastroliths determining the weathering environment of rounded and polished stones by scanning-electron-microscope examination. In: Lucas, S.G. and Heckert, A.B. (Eds), Dinosaurs of New Mexico. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 17, 69–73.
- 45. Wilmsen, M., Niebuhr, B. and Hiss, M. 2005. The Cenomanian of northern Germany: facies analysis of a transgressive bio-sedimentary system. Facies, 51 (1-4), 242–263.
- 46. Wings, O. 2007. A review of gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52, 1–16.
- 47. Woolnough,W.G. and David, T.W.E. 1926. Cretaceous glaciation in Central Australia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 82, 332–351.
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Bibliografia
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