Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Toxoplasma in surface waters in the area of Cracow

• Autorzy: Polus M. , Kocwa-Haluch R.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5277/epe140208

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Despite some knowledge on the risks from exposure to intestinal parasitic protozoa such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Toxoplasma, no occurrence studies of these protozoa were conducted in Cracow area. Therefore, the purpose of the work was to examine the presence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Toxoplasma in surface water samples including intakes and recreational waters. The study showed that the vast majority of water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium sp., and some of the samples were positive for Giardia intestinalis. None of the tested water samples showed the presence of Toxoplasma. Given the limitations of the research methods used and the limits of detection, these results indicated that the concentration of protozoan cysts/oocysts may range from <1 to dozens oocysts/cysts per liter of water. These concentrations are comparable to the values given in reports of major worldwide outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis or giardiasis, which indicating a need to further investigate Cracow's surface waters.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

protozoa; surface waters; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Giardia intestinalis; oocysts; water samples

PL

pierwotniaki; wody powierzchniowe; kryptosporydioza; Cryptosporidium; Giardia intestinalis; oocysty; próbki wody

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
• Czasopismo: Environment Protection Engineering
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: Vol. 40, nr 2
• Strony: 105--113
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 25 poz., tab., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Polus M.

• Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland

autor

Kocwa-Haluch R.

• Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] LECHEVALLIER M.W., NORTON W.D., LEE R.G., Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1991, 56, 2610.
• [2] YANG W., LINDQUIST H.D.A., CAMA V., SCHAEFER F.W., VILLEGAS E., FAYER R., LEWIS E.J., FENG Y., XIAO L., Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water sample concentrates by real- -time PCR, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2009, 75 (11), 3477.
• [3] AKIN E.W., JAKUBOWSKI W., Drinking water transmission of giardiasis in the United States, Water Sci. Technol., 1986, 18, 219.
• [4] MAJEWSKA A.C., KOSIŃSKI Z., WERNER A., SULIMA P., NOWOSAD P., Parasitic Intestinal Protozoa. A New Waterborne Threat to Public Health, 2nd Ed., Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2001 (in Polish).
• [5] YODER J.S., WALLACE R.M., COLLIER S.A., BEACH M.J., HLAVSA M.C., Cryptosporidiosis Surveillance. United States 2009–2010, MMWR Surveill Summ., 2012, 61 (5), 1.
• [6] CHALMERS R.M., GILES M., Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in the UK. Challenges for control, J. Appl. Microbiol., 2010, 109, 1487.
• [7] CHALMERS R.M., Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, Ann. Ist. Super Sanità, 2012, 48 (4), 429.
• [8] TORREY E.F., YOLKEN R.H., Toxoplasma oocysts as a public health problem, Trends Parasitol., 2013, 29 (8), 380.
• [9] Review of zoonotic pathogens in ambient waters, US EPA, 2009, EPA 822-R-09-002.
• [10] FAYER R., MORGAN U., UPTON S.J., Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium; transmission, detection and identification, Int. J. Parasitol., 2000, 30, 1305.
• [11] GRADUS M.S., Cryptosporidium and public health: from watershed to water glass, Clin. Microbiol. Newsletter, 2000, 22 (4), 25.
• [12] VILLENA I., AUBERT D., GOMIS P., FERTE H., INGLARD J.-C., DENIS-BISIAUX H., DONDON J.-M., PISANO E., ORTIS N., PINON J.-M., Evaluation of a strategy for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst detection in water, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2004, 70 (7), 4035.
• [13] POLUS M., KOCWA-HALUCH R., Detection of Cryptosporidium sp., in surface water: assessment of direct DNA isolation and nested-PCR, Monografia PAN, 2010, 64, 171.
• [14] NICHOLS R.A.B., CAMPBELL B.M., SMITH H.V., Identification of Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst in United Kingdom noncarbonated natural mineral waters and drinking waters by using modified nested PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2003, 69 (7), 4183.
• [15] GRIGG M.E., BOOTHROYD J.C., Rapid identification of virulent type I strains of the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis at the B1 gene, J. Clin. Microbiol., 2001, 39, 398.
• [16] SROKA J., SZYMAŃSKA J., WÓJCIK-FATLA A., The occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks from eastern Poland with the use of PCR, Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 2009, 16, 313.
• [17] ROCHELLE P.A., DELEON R., STEWARD M.H., WOLFE R.L., Comparison of primers and optimization of PCR conditions for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in water, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1997, 63 (1), 106.
• [18] POLUS M., POLUS A., KOCWA-HALUCH R., Detection of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Toxoplasma in samples of surface water and treated water by multiplex-PCR, [in:] Environmental Engineering IV, L. Pawłowski (Ed.), CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, 2013, 141.
• [19] YANG R., MURPHY C., SONG Y., NG-HUBLIN J., ESTCOURT A., HIJJAWI N., CHALMERS R., HADFIELD S., BATH A., GORDON C., RYAN U., Specific and quantitative detection and identification of Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum in clinical and environmental samples, Exp. Parasitol., 2013, 135 (1), 142.
• [20] JIANG J., ALDERISIO K.A., SINGH A., XIAO L., Development of procedures for direct extraction of Cryptosporidium DNA from water concentrates and for relief of PCR inhibitors, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2005, 71 (3), 1135.
• [21] YANG W., CHEN P., VILLEGAS E.N., LANDY R.B., KANETSKY C., CAMA V., DEAREN T., SCHULTZ C.L., ORNDORFF K.G., PRELEWICZ G.J., GROWN M.H., YOUNG K.R., XIAO L., Cryptosporidium source tracking in the Potomac river watershed, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2008, 74 (21), 6495.
• [22] CAREY C.M., LEE H., TREVORS J.T., Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst, Water Res., 2004, 38, 818.
• [23] Cryptosporidium: Human health criteria, US EPA, 2001, EPA-822-K-94-001.
• [24] Giardia: HUman health criteria, US EPA, 1998, EPA-823-R-002.
• [25] The sanitary state of Lesser Poland province, WSSE Cracow, 2013 (in Polish).