Determination of pendulum hardness (König method) values against artificial weathering in water-based varnishes applied to some wood species after heat treatment (ThermoWood)

• Autorzy: Ayata Ümit , Çakicier Nevzat

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12841/wood.1644-3985.381.06

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Scots pine, beech, and oak are the most important tree species in the furniture sector in Turkey. In this study, the aim is to determine pendulum hardness (König method) values against artificial aging in water-based varnishes applied to some wood species after heat treatment. For this purpose, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), sessile oak (Quercus petreae L.), and Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis L.) wood samples were heat-treated at 190°C for 2 h and at 212°C for 1-2 h according to the ThermoWood method. Later, one- and two-component water-based varnishes (WBV_One-comp. and WBV_Two-comp.) were applied to the material surfaces in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations for layer thickness for industrial applications. The materials were exposed to UV light using UV-A 340 nm fluorescent lamps for 144, 288, and 432 h in a QUV accelerated weathering tester. After these weathering periods, pendulum hardness values were determined. It was found that hardness values increased after weathering, and that WBV_Two-comp. gave higher values than WBV_One-comp..

Słowa kluczowe

EN

heat treatment; pendulum hardness; artificial weathering; one-component water-based varnishes; two-component water-based varnishes

• Wydawca: Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Poznański Instytut Technologiczny
• Czasopismo: Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: vol. 64, nr 208
• Strony: 45--61
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 43 poz., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Ayata Ümit

• Bayburt University, Faculty of Arts and Design, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Bayburt, Turkey

autor

Çakicier Nevzat

• Duzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Duzce, Turkey

Bibliografia

• Anonymous [2003]: ThermoWood Handbook, Finnish ThermoWood Association, Helsinki, Finland
• Ayata U. [2014]: Determination of the resistance of water based layers on some heat treated (ThermoWood) wood species against accelerated UV aging, Duzce University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Doctoral Thesis, Duzce, Turkey
• Aykaç S., Sofuoğlu S.D. [2021]: Investigation of the effect of varnish types on surface properties used in bamboo wooden material. Journal of Polytechnic. DOI: 10.2339/politeknik.683277
• Baysal E., Toker H., Gündüz A., Altay C., Küçüktüvek M., Peker H. [2021]: Weathering characteristics of impregnated and coated Calabrian pine wood. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 23: 31: 1-10. DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100431
• Bazyar B. [2012]: Decay resistance and physical properties of oil heat treated aspen wood. BioResources 7 [1]: 696-705
• Bozkurt A.Y., Erdin N. [2000]: Odun Anatomisi, I.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Dilek Matbaası, Istanbul 466: 360
• Bozkurt Y. [1992]: Odun Anatomisi. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, İ. Ü. Basımevi ve Film Merkezi, 415, sf 298, İstanbul, Turkey
• Bozkurt Y., Göker Y., Erdin N. [1993]: Emprenye Tekniği, İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul, Turkey, 3779 [425]: 125 and 429
• Cakicier N. [2007]: Changes due to weathering of surface finishing layers of wood, İstanbul University, Institute of Science and Technology, PhD Thesis, Istanbul, Turkey
• Cakicier N., Ayata U., Gurleyen T., Gurleyen L., Esteves B. [2017]: Effects of QUV accelerated aging on pendulum hardness resistance of synthetic varnish and water-based varnish layers applied on heat-treated (TermoWood) European Alder, American Ash, white poplar and white willow woods, II. International Igdir Symposium (IGDIRSEMP 2017), October 9-11, Igdir, Turkey, 26
• Choi J.H., Kim H.J. [2006]: Three hardness test methods and their relationship on UV - curable epoxyacrylate coatings for wooden flooring systems. Journal of Industrial Engineering Chemistry 12 [3]: 412-416
• Decker C., Masson F., Schwalm R. [2004]: Weathering resistance of waterbased UV-cured polyurethane-acrylate coatings. Polymer Degradation and Stability 83: 309-320
• Elaieb M., Candelier K., Pétrissans A., Dumarçay S., Gérardin P., Pétrissans M. [2015]: Heat treatment of Tunisian soft wood species: Effect on the durability, chemical modifications and mechanical properties. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 17 [4]: 699-710. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2015005000061
• Esser R.J., Devona J.E., Setzke D.E., Wagemans L. [1999]: Waterbased crosslinkable surface coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings 36: 45-52
• Esteves B.M., Domingos I.J., Pereira H.M. [2008]: Pine wood modification by heat treatment in air. BioResources 3 [1]: 142-154
• Goktas O., Toker H., [2010]: Effects of the traditional Turkish art of marbling (Ebru) techniques on the adhesion, hardness, and gloss of some finishing varnishes. Forest Products Journal 60 [7/8]: 648-653
• Gunduz A. [2018]: Determination of the effects of copper based chemicals on the performance of varnishes in accelerated- aging, Mugla Sitki Koçman University, Woodwork Industry Industrial Engineering Dept., Institute of Science and Technology, Master Thesis, Mugla, Turkey
• Hidayat W., Jang J.H., Park S.H., Qi Y., Febrianto F., Lee S.H., Kim N.H. [2015]: Effect of temperature and clamping during heat treatment on physical and mechanical properties of Okan (Cylicodiscus gabunensis [Taub.] Harms) wood. BioResources 10 [4]: 6961-6974. DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.4.6961-6974
• Holzhausen U., Millow S., Adler H.J.P. [2002]: Studies on The Thermal Ageing of Organic Coatings, Wiley-WCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, [online], www.interscience.wiley.com [01 Mmay 2013]
• Huang Z., Ma X., Qiao Z., Wang S., Jing X. [2014]: Pendulum hardness of polyurethane coatings during curing, Pigment & Resin Technology 43 [5]: 271-276. DOI: 10.1108/PRT-11-2012-0032
• Kazan, B. [2009]: Su bazlı vernik uygulanmış yüzey üzerindeki ısıl işlemin etkileri. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mobilya ve Dekorasyon Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı, Furniture And Decoration Education, Master’s Thesis, Dumlupınar, Turkey
• Kılıç K. [2019]: Performance properties of finishing in natural aged wood material, Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, M.Sc. Thesis, Ankara, Turkey
• Kim Y.K., Kwon G.J., Kim A.R., Lee H.S., Purusatama B., Lee S.H., Kang C.W., Kim N.H. [2018]: Effects of heat treatment on the characteristics of royal paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.) Wood Grown in Korea. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 46 [5]: 511-526. DOI: 10.5658/WOOD.2018.46.5.511
• Lukmandaru G., Susanti D., Widyorini R. [2018]: Chemical properties of modified mahogany wood by heat treatment. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 7 [1]: 37-46
• Marrion A.R. [2004]: The Chemistry and Physics of Coatings, 2nd ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, Piccadilly, London, UK
• Ozen R., Sonmez A. [1999]: Effect of exterior exposure on the hardness of varnishes coating. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 23: 323-328
• Peker H. [1997]: Efficiency of treatment chemicals materials to varnishes used on surfaces of furniture, KTU, Ankara, Turkey
• Peker H. [2015]: Using various mordan-water solvent varnish of waste tea extract dye on wood and effect of hardness change, Journal of Polytechnic 18 [2]: 73-78. DOI: 10.2339/2015.18.2
• Pelit H. [2007]: The effect of wood’s moisture content on layer properties of water borne varnishes, Gazi University, Institute of Science, M.Sc. Thesis, Ankara, Turkey
• Pelit H. [2014]: The effects of densification and heat treatment on finishing process with some technological properties of eastern beech and Scots pine, Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciencies, Ph.D. Thesis, Ankara, Turkey
• Perrin F.X., Irigoyen M., Aragon E., Vernet J.L. [2001]: Evaluation of accelerated weathering tests for three paint systems: a comparative study of their ageing behaviour. Polymer Degradation and Stability 72: 115-124
• Sarica M. [2006]: Effects of boric combinations and impregnation process on resistance of hardness and abrasion of some wooden materials and varnishes. Gazi University, Institute of Science and Technology, M.Sc. Thesis, Ankara, Turkey
• Schwalm R. [2007]: UV Coatings: Basics, Recent Developments and New Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam; London
• Sonmez A. [1989]: Durability of varnishes used on surfaces of wooden furniture against important physical mechanical and chemical effects, Gazi University, Institute of Science and Technology, Ph.D. Thesis, Ankara, Turkey
• Ulay G. [2018]: Investigation of the effect on performance of the varnish layer of the thermal modification and UV aging process applied to some of the wood species used in yachts and boat furniture, Duzce University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry Industrial Engineering, Doctoral Thesis, Duzce, Turkey
• Won K.R., Kim T.H., Hwang K.K., Chong S.H., Hong N.E., Byeoni H.S. [2012]: Effect of heat treatment on the bending strength and hardness of wood. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 40 [5]: 303-310. DOI: 10.5658/WOOD.2012.40.5.303
• Yalınkılıç M.K., Ilhan R., Imamura Y., Takahashi M., Demirci Z., Yalınkılıç A.C., Peker H. [1999]: Weathering durability of CCB-impregnated wood for clear varnish coatings. Journal of Wood Science 45: 502-514
• List of standards
• ANS/ISO 1522:1998 Paints and varnishes – pendulum-damping test approved as an American National Standard by ASTM International
• ASTM D 1644-01:2006 Standard Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA.
• ASTM D 6132:2008 Standard test method for nondestructive measurement of dry film thickness of applied organic coatings using an ultrasonic gage
• ASTM G 154-06:2006 Standard practice for operating fluorescent light apparatus for UV exposure of nonmetallic materials, ASTM, USA, 2-8
• TS 5723:1988 Wood preservation – Penetration test, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Turkey.
• TS 642 ISO 554:1997 Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing; Specifications, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Turkey