Ftalan dibutylu – frakcja wdychana

• Autorzy: Pałaszewska-Tkacz A. , Czerczak S.
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Ftalan dibutylu (DBP) jest przezroczystą, oleistą cieczą o charakterystycznym dla estrów zapachu, którą stosuje się przede wszystkim jako dodatek zmiękczający do takich żywic i polimerów, jak: PCV (76% produkcji), uszczelniaczy, klejów i spoiw (14% produkcji) oraz tuszów drukarskich (7% produkcji). Pozostałe 3% produkcji ftalanu dibutylu stosuje się przy wytwarzaniu: farb nitrocelulozowych, włókien szklanych oraz kosmetyków. Ze względu na niską prężność par w temperaturze pokojowej podwyższone stężenia ftalanu di butylu mogą wystąpić jedynie w procesach technologicznych przebiegających w podwyższonej temperaturze mlub w procesach związanych z występowaniem aerozoli ftalanu dibutylu w powietrzu środowiska pracy. Na podstawie wyników pomiarów z lat 90. udostępnionych przez jeden z europejskich zakładów, wykazano, że w procesie produkcji ftalany dibutylu średnie stężenie na większości stanowisk pracy nie przekraczało 0,5 mg/m3, a w przypadku kilku stanowisk wynosiło 1,1 lub 5 mg/m3. W innym zakładzie średnie stężenie ftalanu dibutylu wynosiło 0,04 mg/m3 w 1992 r. oraz 0,7 mg/m3 w 1995 r. Pomiary stężeń wykonane w 1996 r. przy wytwarzaniu produktów zawierających ftalan di butylu wskazują, że stężenia tego związku wynosiły 0,19 - 0,75 mg/m3 (produkcja kabli), < 0,008 mg/m3 (produkcja polimerów) oraz < 0,03 (produkcja polimerów dla przemysłu dekarskiego). Według danych GIS, zarówno w 2007 r., jak i w 2010 r. nie było pracowników narażonych na stężenia ftalany dibutylu przekraczające obowiązujące normatywy (NDS – 5 mg/m3 i NDSCh – 10 mg/m3). W wykazie chorób zawodowych obejmującym lata 2001-2010, opracowanym na podstawie danych Centralnego Rejestru Chorób Zawodowych w Instytucie Medycyny Pracy, odnotowano tylko jeden przypadek choroby skóry u osoby narażonej na ftalan dibutylu w zakładzie przetwórstwa przemysłowego. Ftalan dibutylu wchłania się do organizmu przez układ oddechowy oraz pokarmowy, nie ulega kumulacji i jest wydalany głównie z moczem. Na podstawie mediany dawek lub stężeń śmiertelnych ftalanu dibutylu, które uzyskano na podstawie wyników badań doświadczalnych na gryzoniach, wykazano, że ftalan dibutylu jest substancją o stosunkowo małej toksyczności ostrej. W większości badań związek nie wykazywał działania drażniącego ani uczulającego ludzi i zwierząt doświadczalnych. Jak wynika z dostępnego piśmiennictwa, skutki działania toksycznego ftalanu dibutylu w warunkach narażenia podprzewlekłego i przewlekłego oceniano prawie wyłącznie na podstawie wyników badań na szczurach narażanych dożołądkowo. Wartości NOAEL dla działania toksycznego wyznaczano na poziomie 176 - 353 mg/kg m.c./dzień, a najczęściej obserwowanymi skutkami narażenia było: zmniejszenie masy ciała, zmiany parametrów krwi, zwiększenie masy wątroby i nerek. Jeśli chodzi o szkodliwe działanie ftalanu dibutylu, to jest to przede wszystkim związek o potwierdzonym szkodliwym działaniu na rozrodczość i dziecko w łonie matki. Zgodnie z rozporządzeniem Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (WE) nr 1272/2008 ftalan di butylu jest zaklasyfikowany jako substancja działająca szkodliwie na rozrodczość, kategoria zagrożeń 1B, z przypisanym zwrotem wskazującym rodzaj zagrożenia H360Df – może działać szkodliwie na dziecko w łonie matki; podejrzewa się, że działa szkodliwie na płodność. W dostępnych wynikach badań szkodliwego działania ftalanu dibutylu na rozrodczość, najmniejsze wyznaczone wartości NOAEL wynosiły: 50 mg/kg m.c./dzień dla zaburzeń płodności oraz 30 mg/kg m.c./dzień dla szkodliwego działania na płód. W Polsce, podobnie jak w większości państw Europy, wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) ftalanu dibutylu ustalono na poziomie 5 mg/m3. Stężenie to zabezpiecza przed uciążliwymi warunkami pracy związanymi z narażeniem na aerozole, którego należy oczekiwać w przypadku ftalanu dibutylu ze względu na jego małą prężność par. Biorąc pod uwagę dużą wartość NOAEL, oszacowano, że dotychczasowa wartość NDS ftalanu dibutylu powinna również zabezpieczać zarówno przed skutkami jego działania toksycznego, jak i jego szkodliwym wpływem na rozrodczość i płód. Zaproponowano więc pozostawienie wartości NDS ftalanu dibutylu na dotychczasowym poziomie wynoszącym 5 mg/m3. Jednocześnie proponuje się zrezygnowanie z dotychczas obowiązującej wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh – 10 mg/m3) ftalany dibutylu, dlatego że wyniki dostępnych badań nie wskazują na działanie drażniące związku. Obecnie brak jest podstaw do zaproponowania wartości dopuszczalnego stężenia ftalanu dibutylu w materiale biologicznym (DSB). Zaleca się oznakowanie substancji w wykazie literami „Ft” oznaczającymi substancję działającą toksycznie na płód.

EN

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a clear, oily liquid with ester-like odour. It is used mostly as a plasticizer for resins and polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (76% production), sealants and adhesives (14% production) and inks (7% production). The rest 3% of DBP production is used for nitrocellulose lacquers, safety glass and cosmetic products. As far as occupational exposure is concerned, the inhalation route of exposure is important and, to a lesser extent, dermal contact. Because of low vapour pressure at room temperature, the high concentration of DBP may only occur during technological processes where the temperature is elevated or DBP aerosols are generated. Measurements done by a European company in the 1990s showed that during DBP production the mean concentration of this substance in the workplace was below 0.5 mg/m3, and only in a few workplaces 1.1 or 5 mg/m3. In a different plant, the mean DBP concentration was 0.04 mg/m3 in 1992 and 0.7 mg/m3 in 1995. The measurements of DBP concentration carried out in 1996 at production processes of different products containing DBP showed that the concentration of this chemical was 0.19 – 0.75 mg/m3 (cables), < 0.008 mg/m3 (polymers) and < 0.03 (polymers for the tiling industry). In 2007 and 2010, according to data of Polandʼs Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, no workers were occupationally exposed to DBP in concentrations in excess of Polish OEL values. According to the Polish inventory of occupational diseases of the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (Lodz, Poland), in 2001-2010 there was only one case of skin disorder in a worker occupationally exposed to DBP. DBP is absorbed in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, no significant accumulation has been recorded and it is excreted mainly in urine. LD50 values derived from experiments with rodents revealed that DBP was a substance of relatively low acute toxicity. In most studies, the substance caused no irritation or sensitisation in human or in laboratory animals. According to available data, subchronic and chronic toxicity of DBP was evaluated almost exclusively on the basis of studies on rats exposed orally. NOAEL values were equal to 176 – 353 mg/kg bw/d; the most often observed effects of exposure were decrease in body weight, changes in blood parameters and a relative increase in the weight of the liver and kidneys. DBP is a compound of a confirmed reprotoxic activity. According to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council, DBP is classified as Reprotoxic, category 1B with hazard statement H360Df (may damage the unborn child, suspected of damaging fertility). In the available studies on DBP reprotoxocity, the lowest described NOAELs were 50 mg/kg bw/d for fertility and 30 mg/kg bw/d for foetus effects. In Poland, like in most European countries, the OEL value was set at the level equal to 5 mg/m3. This value is supposed to protect from burdensome working conditions connected with exposure to DBP aerosols expected due to its low vapour pressure. Taking into account the NOAEL values cited in the available literature, it was agreed that this level should also protect from toxic and reprotoxic DBP activity. It was agreed that the previous DBP OEL value of 5 mg/m3 should remain unchanged. Simultaneously, it was proposed that the previous STEL value of 10 mg/m3 should be removed from the Polish inventory of OELs as inaccurate due to no irritation activity of DBP confirmed in available studies. It is also recommended to label DBP, in the Polish inventory of OELs, with the letters ‘Ft’ – a substance toxic to the foetus.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

ftalan dibutylu; narażenie zawodowe; NDS

EN

dibutyl phthalates; occupational exposure; OEL

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: Nr 3 (73)
• Strony: 37--70
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 137 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Pałaszewska-Tkacz A.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8

autor

Czerczak S.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8

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