Eight city types and their interactions: the “eight-fold” model

Salingaros, N. A.

doi:10.4467/2353737XCT.17.016.6209

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Eight city types and their interactions: the “eight-fold” model

Autorzy

Salingaros N. A.

Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.4467/2353737XCT.17.016.6209

Warianty tytułu

Osiem typów miast i ich interakcje: model "ośmioaspektowy"

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

A model for understanding the city in terms of eight characteristic “city types” is proposed. The most human cities consist of adaptive city types that act in a congruent manner. Any city can be analyzed as a particular mixture of these eight types. Competing city types combine and interact in different ways, and users feel the result as an essential quality of the environment. Some types either add to, or cancel and destroy each other, whereas others can juxtapose without interacting. This eight-fold model of city types helps us to predict the success or failure of distinct urban regions in promoting urban life. It also suggests how to repair declining or non-existent pedestrian activity, and how architectural projects could affect the city adversely or positively. One section of this paper is devoted to techniques for designing urban spaces that invite human engagement, and another to designing a campus.

Zaproponowano model rozumienia miasta w kategoriach ośmiu charakterystycznych „typów miast”. Najbardziej uczłowieczone miasta składają się z adaptacyjnych typów, które funkcjonują w sposób spójny. Każde miasto można traktować jako szczególną mieszankę tych ośmiu typów. Konkurujące typy miast łączą się ze sobą i współdziałają na różne sposoby, a rezultat tych interakcji jest odbierany przez użytkowników jako integralna cecha otoczenia. Niektóre typy uzupełniają się nawzajem lub wzajemnie się znoszą bądź niszczą. Z kolei inne typy funkcjonują obok siebie, bez wchodzenia w interakcje. Ośmioaspektowy model typów miast pozwala przewidzieć sukces bądź niepowodzenie poszczególnych regionów miejskich w promowaniu życia miejskiego. Stanowi on również wskazówkę co do tego, jak można odbudować malejący lub nieistniejący ruch pieszych oraz czy dane projekty architektoniczne będą miały negatywny czy też pozytywny wpływ na miasto. Jedna z części tego artykułu jest poświęcona technikom projektowania przestrzeni miejskich zachęcających użytkowników do interakcji, a druga dotyczy projektowania kampusu.

Słowa kluczowe

planning urban morphology urban design theories of urbanism biophilia complexity fractals networks

planowanie morfologia miasta urbanistyka teorie urbanistyczne biofilia złożoność fraktale sieci

Wydawca

Wydawnictwo Politechniki Krakowskiej im. Tadeusza Kościuszki

Czasopismo

Technical Transactions

Rocznik

2017

Tom

Vol. 2(114)

Strony

5--70

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 41 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Salingaros N. A.

salingar@gmail.com

Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA

Bibliografia

A. Articles and books by other authors
[1] Alexander Ch., A City is Not a Tree, Architectural Forum, Vol. 122, No. 1, 1965, 58–61 and No. 2, 58–62; Reprinted in: Design After Modernism, John Thackara (Ed.), Thames and Hudson, London 1988, 67–84; http://www.rudi.net/books/200
[2] Alexander Ch., The Timeless Way of Building, Oxford University Press, New York 1979.
[3] Alexander Ch., The Nature of Order, Books 1–4, Center for Environmental Structure, Berkeley, California: Book 1: The Phenomenon of Life, 2001; Book 2: The Process of Creating Life, 2002; Book 3: A Vision of a Living World, 2005; Book 4: The Luminous Ground, 2004.
[4] Alexander Ch., Ishikawa S., Silverstein M., Jacobson M., Fiksdahl-King I., Angel S., A Pattern Language, Oxford University Press, New York 1977.
[5] Alexander Ch., Neis H-J., Alexander M.M. The Battle for the Life and Beauty of the Earth, Oxford University Press, New York 2012.
[6] Alexander Ch., Silverstein M., Angel S., Ishikawa S., Abrams D., The Oregon Experiment, Oxford University Press, New York 1975.
[7] Asquith L., Vellinga M. (Eds.), Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century, Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, Oxford 2006.
[8] Batty M., Longley P., Fractal Cities, Academic Press, London 1994.
[9] Day Ch., Midbjer A., Environment and Children, Elsevier, Oxford 2007.
[10] Duany A., Plater-Zyberk E., Speck J., Suburban Nation, North Point Press, New York 2000.
[11] Gehl J., Life Between Buildings, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1987.
[12] Jacobs J., The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Books, New York 1961.
[13] Joutsiniemi A., Becoming Metapolis – A Configurational Approach, Datutop 32, Tempere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland 2010.
[14] Kellert S.R., Heerwagen J., Mador M. (Eds.), Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, John Wiley, New York 2008.
[15] Krier L. Architecture: Choice or Fate, Andreas Papadakis, Windsor, England 1998; New edition, The Architecture of Community, Island Press, Washington 2009.
[16] Leitner H., Pattern Theory, Create Space, Amazon, 2015.
[17] Louf R. Barthelemy M., A typology of street patterns, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 8 October 2014, http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/101/20140924
[18] Lynch K., The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1960.
[19] Millais M., Exploding the Myths of Modern Architecture, Frances Lincoln Limited, London 2009.
[20] Mouzon S.A., The Original Green, Guild Foundation Press, Miami, Florida 2010.
[21] Salat S., Les Villes et Les Formes, Hermann, Paris 2011.
[22] Turner J.F.C., Housing By People, Marion Boyars, London 1976.
[23] Whyte W., The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, The Conservation Foundation, Washington 1980.
[24] Wilson E.O., On Human Nature, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1978.
B. My own articles and books
[25] A Future Without Starchitects, Chapter 4.3, [in:] Kaleidoscope City: Reflections on Planning and London, Manns J. (Ed.), RTPI Press, London 2014, 123-131, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/Kaleidoscope-London.pdf
[26] Anti-Architecture and Deconstruction, OfftheCommonBooks/Sustasis Press, International Edition, Vajra Publications, 2014, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/books.html
[27] A Theory of Architecture, OfftheCommonBooks/Sustasis Press, International Edition, Vajra Publications, 2006; reprinted with Index 2014, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/books.html
[28] Beauty, Life, and the Geometry of the Environment, Chapter 2, [in:] Reclaiming Beauty, Volume I, Horvath A., Cuffe J.B. (Eds.), Ficino Press, Cork, Ireland, 2012, 63–103; Edited version of an essay from the Athens Dialogues, November 2010, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/lifeandthegeometry.pdf
[29] Biophilia and Healing Environments, a 44-page booklet available from OfftheCommonBooks, 2015; also published free online by Terrapin Bright Green LLC, New York 2015, http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/report/biophilia-healing-environments
[30] Compact City Replaces Sprawl, Chapter, [in:] Crossover: Architecture, Urbanism, Technology, Graafland A., Kavanaugh L. (Eds.), 010 Publishers, Rotterdam 2006, 100–115, http://www.academia.edu/188203/Compact_City_Replaces_Sprawl
[31] Design for a Living Planet, co-authored with M.W. Mehaffy, US Edition, OfftheCommonBooks/Sustasis Press, International Edition, Vajra Publications, 2015; some chapters published online by Metropolis, http://www.metropolismag.com/Search/index.php?mod=CoreSearch&query=salingaros&sortby=datepublished&urlprefix=%2F
[32] Geometry and Life of Urban Space, co-authored with P. Pagliardini, Chapter, [in:] Back to the Sense of the City, 11th Virtual City & Territory International Monograph Book, Centre of Land Policy and Valuations (Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions), Barcelona 2016, 13–31, http://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/90890/CH00_CONTENTS%20INTRO_geometry.pdf
[33] Geospatial Analysis and Living Urban Geometry, co-authored with P. Pagliardini, S. Porta, Chapter 17, [in:] Geospatial Analysis And Modeling of Urban Structure and Dynamics, Jiang B., Yao X.A. (Eds.), Springer, New York 2010, 331–353, https://www.academia.edu/188975/Geospatial_Analysis_and_Living_Urban_Geometry
[34] Growing Sustainable Suburbs: An Incremental Strategy for Reconstructing Sprawl, co-authored with M. Mehaffy, L. Steil, Chapter 10.2, [in:] New Urbanism & Beyond: Designing Cities for the Future, Haas T. (Ed.), Rizzoli, New York 2008, 262–274, http://www.academia.edu/188207/Growing_Sustainable_Suburbs_An_Incremental_Strategy_for_Reconstructing_Sprawl
[35] Neuroscience, the Natural Environment, and Building Design, co-authored with K.G. Masden, Chapter 5, [in:] Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, Kellert S.R., Heerwagen J., Mador M. (Eds.), John Wiley, New York 2008, https://www.academia.edu/188202/Neuroscience_the_Natural_Environment_and_Building_Design.
[36] Principles of Urban Structure, new US printing, OfftheCommonBooks/Sustasis Press; European Edition, Techne Press, Amsterdam 2005, 2014; Asian Edition, Vajra Publications, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/books.html
[37] P2P Urbanism, book draft available for free download, 116 pages, 2011, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/P2PURBANISM.pdf
[38] The Law of Requisite Variety and the Built Environment, Journal of Biourbanism, Vol. 4, Nos. 1&2, 2015 (published in 2016), 47–52, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/TheLawofRequisiteVariety.pdf
[39] Urbanism as Computation, Chapter 13, [in:] Complexity Theories Of Cities Have Come Of Age, Portugali J., Meyer H., Stolk E., Tan E. (Eds.), Springer, Berlin 2012, 247–270, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/urbanism-computation.pdf
[40] Urban Nuclei and the Geometry of Streets: the Emergent Neighborhoods Model, co-authored with M. Mehaffy, S. Porta, Y. Rofè, Urban Design International, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2010, 22–46, http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/UrbanNuclei.pdf
[41] Why Green Often Isn’t, co-authored with M. Mehaffy, Chapter 2, [in:] Design for a Living Planet, 2013 (2015), US Edition, OfftheCommonBooks/Sustasis Press; International Edition, Vajra Publications; Chapter published online by Metropolis, http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/April-2013/Toward-Resilient-Architectures-2-Why-Green-Often-Isnt

Uwagi

Section "Architecture"

Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (zadania 2017)

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-37617916-123a-4a39-9075-bd32003f89d7