Promieniowanie kosmiczne – w poszukiwaniu nieoczekiwanego

Wibig, Tadeusz

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Promieniowanie kosmiczne – w poszukiwaniu nieoczekiwanego

Autorzy

Wibig Tadeusz

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Historia badań promieniowania kosmicznego od samego początku pełna jest niespodziewanych odkryć, które znacząco odmieniały zastane poglądy na świat. Sama koncepcja, że z kosmosu przychodzi do nas jakieś promieniowanie, wydawała się absurdalna, a co najmniej nieuzasadniona. Nikt nie spodziewał się tak olbrzymich energii cząstek, nikt „nie zamawiał” też mionów, nikt nie podejrzewał, że promieniowanie kosmiczne będzie docierało do powierzchni Ziemi w kaskadach liczących ponad miliardy pojedynczych cząstek na raz. Ale najdziwniejsze jest to, że jednak istnieli fizycy, którzy mieli tak niepoważne idee to właśnie dzięki nim dziś wiemy to, co wiemy. A w fizyce promieniowania kosmicznego jest jeszcze sporo zagadek czekających na rozwiązanie i wiele zupełnie niespodziewanych odkryć.

From the very beginning, the history of cosmic rays research has been full of unexpected discoveries that have significantly changed the prevailing view of the world. he very idea that some kind of radiation was coming to us from outer space seemed ridiculous, to say the least, unjustified. No one expected such enormous particle energies, no one also “ordered” muons, no one suspected that cosmic rays would come to the earth’s surface in cascades of more than billions of individual particles at the same time. But the strangest thing is that there must nevertheless have been physicists who had such frivolous ideas, and it is thanks to them that we know what we know. And in cosmic ray physics there are still many enigmas waiting to be solved and many discoveries to be made, discoveries that are absolutely unexpected.

Słowa kluczowe

promieniowanie kosmiczne wielkie pęki atmosferyczne historia fizyki CREDO

cosmic rays extensive air showers physics history CREDO

Wydawca

Polskie Towarzystwo Fizyczne

Czasopismo

Postępy Fizyki

Rocznik

2021

Tom

T. 72, z. 4

Strony

2--17

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 47 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Wibig Tadeusz

Katedra Fizyki Teoretycznej, Wydział Fizyki i Informatyki Stosowanej, Uniwersytet Łódzki

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2078-0580

Bibliografia

[1] Coulomb, C.A., Mem. De l’Acad. Paris, 616, (1795).
[2] Linns W., Meteoro. Zeits., 4, 345 (1887) [wg Chalmers, J. A., Atmospheric Electricity, Pergamon Press, (1957)].
[3] Exner, F., Uber transportable Apparate zur Beobachtung der atmospharischen Elekricitat, Wien, Akad. Ber. 95,1084 (1887).
[4] Elster, J. i Geitel, H., Uber die Existenz electrischer Ionen in der Atmosphare, Terrest. Magnetism, 4,213, 1899.
[5] Wilson, C.T.R., On a method of making visible the paths of ionising particles through a gas. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 85,285 (1911).
[6] Longair, M., C.T.R. Wilson and the cloud chamber, Astroparticle Physics 53,55 (2014).
[7] Hess V. F., About the absorption of gamma rays in the atmosphere, Physikalische Zeitschrift 12, 998 (1911); Hess V. F., About Observations of the Penetration Radiation During 7 Balloon Flights, Physikalische Zeitschrift 13,1084 (1912).
[8] Wulf, Th., About the radiation ofhigh penetration capacity contained in the atmosphere, Physikalische Zeitschrift, 8, 251 (1909).
[9] Kolhorster, W., Messungen der durchdringenden Strahlung im Freiballon in grossieren Hohen Physikalische Zeitschrift, 14,1153 (1913); Kolhorster, W., Messungen der durchdringenden Strahlungen bis in Hohen von 9300 m Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 16, 719 (1914).
[10] Skobeltsyn, D., Uber eine neue Art sehr schnellerbstrahlen, Zeitschrift fur Physik 54, 686 (1929).
[11] Geiger, H. i Muller, W., Das Elektronenzahlrohr, Physikalische Zeitschrschift 29, 839 (1928).
[12] Bothe, W. i Kolhorster, W., Das Wesen der Hohenstrahlung, Zeitschrift fur Physik 56, 751 (1929).
[13] Rossi, B., Method of registering multiple simultaneous impulses of several Geiger counters, Nature 125, 636 (1930).
[14] Blackett, P. M. S. i Occhialini, G. P. S., Photography of penetrating corpuscular radiation, Nature 130,363 (1932).
[15] Carmichael, H., The Nature of Large Cosmic-Ray Bursts, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 154, 223 (1936).
[16] Rossi, B., Uber die Eigenschaften der durchdringenden Korpuskularstrahlung in Meeresniveau, Z. Phys. 82,151 (1933).
[17] Bhabha, H. J. i Heitler, W., The Passage of Fast Electrons and the Theory of Cosmic Showers, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 159, 432 (1937).
[18] Auger, P., Maze, R. i Grivet-Mayer, T,. Grandes gerbes cosmiques atmospheriques contenant des corpuscules ultrapenetrantes, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., B206,1721 (1938); Les grandes gerbes cosmiques de latmosphere Auger, P. i Maze, R., Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., B207, 288 (1938).
[19] Rossi, B. i Staub, H., Ionization Chambers and Counters, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. (1949).
[20] Cranshaw, T. E. i W Galbraith, W., Time variations of Extensive Air Showers and the Origin of Cosmic Rays, Phil. Mag. 45 1109 (1954)
[21] Porter, N. A., Cranshaw, T. E., De Beer, J. F., Parham, A. G. i Sherwood, A. C., Observations on extensive air showers VII. The lateral distribution of energy in the electronphoton component, Phil. Mag., 3, 826 (1958).
[22] Bassi, P., Clark, G. i Rossi, B., Distribution of Arrival Times of Air Shower Particles, Phys. Rev. 92, 441 (1953).
[23] Clark, G. W., Scherb, F. i Smith, W. B., Preparation of Large Plastic Scintillators Review of Scientific Instruments, 28, 433 (1959).
[24] Hersil, J., Escobar, I., Scott, D., Clark, G. i Olbert, S.,Observations of Extensive Air Showers near the Maximum of Their Longitudinal Development., Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 22. (1961).
[25] Lawrence, M. A., Reid, R. J. O. i Watson, A. A., The cosmicray energy spectrum above 4x 1017 eV, J. Phys. G 17 733 (1991); Ave, M., Hinton, J. A., Knapp, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Marchesini, M. i Watson, A. A., Cosmic ray mass composition above 3 x 1017 eV measured with the Haverah Park Array, Proceedings of 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Hamburg, Germany: 385 (2001).
[26] Linsley, J., Evidencefor a Primary Cosmic-Ray Particie with Energy 1020 eV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10,146 (1963).
[27] Penzias, A.A. i Wilson R. W., A Measurement Of Excess Antenna Temperature At 4080 Mc/s, Astrophysical J. Lett. 142: 419 (1965).
[28] Zatsepin, G. T. i Kuzmin, V. A., Upper Limit of the Spectrum of Cosmic Rays, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Lett. 4, 78 (1966).
[29] Greisen, K. End to the Cosmic-Ray Spectrum?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 (17) 748 (1966)
[30] Winn, M. M., Ulrichs, J., Peak, L. S., McCusker C. B. A. i Horton, L., The cosmic-ray energy spectrum above 10ly eV, J. Phys., G 12, 653 (1986); Winn, M. M., Ulrichs, J., Peak, L. S., McCusker C. B. A. i Horton, L., The arrival directions of cosmic rays above 1017 eV, J. Phys. G 12, 675 (1986).
[31] Ivanov, A, for the Yakutsk array group, The Yakutsk array experiment: Main results and future directions EPJ Web of Conferences 53, 04003 (2013); Knurenko, S., Petrov, I., Petrov, Z. i Sleptsov, I., Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays: 40 years retrospective of continuous observations at the Yakutsk array: Part 1. Cosmic ray spectrum in the energy rangę 1015-1018 eV and its interpretation, EPJ Web of Conferences 99, 04001 (2015).
[32] Chiba, N. i in., Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA) covering 100 km2 area, Nuci. Instr. Methods A 311, 338 (1992).
[33] Hayashida, N. i in., Observation ofa Very Energetic Cosmic Ray Weil Beyond the Predicted 2.7K Cutoff in the Primary Energy Spectrum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3491 (1994).
[34] Baltrusaitis. R. ., Cady, R., Cassiday, G. L., Cooperv, R., Elbert, J. W., Gerhardy, R R., Ko, S., Loh, E. C., Salamon, M., Steck, D. i Sokolsky, P, The Utah Flys Eye detector, Nuci. Instr. Methods A 240, 410 (1985)
[35] Abu-Zayyad, T. i in., The prototype highresolution Flys Eye cosmic ray detector, Nucl. Instr. Methods A 450, 253 (2000).
[36] Hillas A. M., The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22,425 (1984).
[37] Pierre Auger Collaboration, Auger Collaboration Presentations, Proceedings of the 27th ICRC, Hamburg, pp. 699-787 (2001).
[38] Abrahama J. i in. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Properties and performance of the prototype instrument for the Pierre Auger Observatory, Nuci. Instr. Methods A 523, 50 (2004).
[39] Pierre Auger Collaboration, Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects, Science 318, 938 (2007).
[40] Pierre Auger Collaboration, Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4 x 1019 eV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 061101 (2008).
[41] Abu-Zayyada. T. i in. (TA Collaboration), The energy spectrum of Telescope Arrays Middle Drum detector and the direct comparison to the High Re- solution Flys Eye experiment Astroparticle Physics 39-40,109 (2012).
[42] Abu-Zayyada. T. i in. (TA Collaboration), Search For Anisotropy Of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays Wit The Telescope Array Experiment, The Astrophysical J. 757, 26 (2012).
[43] Ivanov, D., for the Pierre Auger Collaboration and the Telescope Array Collaboration Report of the Telescope Array - Pierre Auger Observatory Working Group on Energy Spectrum, 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Bexco, Busan, Korea (2017).
[44] Abbasi, R. U. i in. (TA Collaboration), Indications of Intermediate-Scale Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays with Energy Greater than 57 EeV in the Northern Sky Measured with the Surface Detector ofthe Telescope Array Experiment, Astrophysical J. Lett., 790, L21 (2014).
[45] Kajino, E, for the JEM-EUSO collaboration) The JEM-EUSO mission to explore the extreme Universe, Nuci. Instr. Methods A 623, 422 (2010).
[46] Linsley, J„ Mini And Super Mini Arrays For The Study Of Highest Energy Cosmic Rays, Proceedings of 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference, La Jola, USA, OG9.4-9, 434 (1985).
[47] Homola, P. i in. (CREDO Collaboration) Cosmic- Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory, Symmetry 12,1835 (2020).

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-332cf00d-9482-4d4c-aa07-636e44c8c097