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Public diplomacy of the United States of America in Afghanistan

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PL
Dyplomacja publiczna Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki w Afganistanie
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
The United States failed to prevent the terrorist attacks of September 11th despite its super-power status and great potential. The severe response to the attacks - interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq - did not provide a sense of security to the Americans. Moreover, these actions resulted in the loss of popularity and credibility of the United States throughout the world, especially within Muslim populations. This article provides background on the U.S. public diplomacy efforts in Afghanistan, presents a brief overview of tools used to win “hearts and minds” of Afghans as well as recommendations and conclusions concerning the conduct of public diplomacy in Afghanistan beyond 2014.
PL
Stanom Zjednoczonym nie udało się zapobiec atakom terrorystycznym 11 września pomimo statusu supermocarstwa oraz ogromnego potencjału. Zdecydowana odpowiedź na ataki - w postaci interwencji w Afganistanie i Iraku - nie zapewniła Amerykanom poczucia bezpieczeństwa. Co więcej, działania te przyczyniły się do utraty przez Stany Zjednoczone popularności i wiarygodności na całym świecie, a w szczególności wśród społeczeństw muzułmańskich. W artykule poddano analizie działania USA z zakresu dyplomacji publicznej w Afganistanie i ich uwarunkowania, dokonano przeglądu instrumentów używanych do wygrania „serc i umysłów” Afgańczyków oraz przedstawiono wnioski i rekomendacje dotyczące prowadzenia dyplomacji publicznej w Afganistanie po 2014 roku.
Rocznik
Strony
113--129
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 38 poz., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
  • Akademia Humanistyczna w Pułtusku
Bibliografia
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  • 2. Afghanistan media boomed during war, but faces uncertain future as U.S. withdraws, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/30/afghanistan-media-afghan-war_n_2574818.html (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 3. Afghanistan media survey: report prepared for BBC Trust, http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/review_report_research/ar2007_08/afghanistan_research.pdf (accessed 5.08.2014).
  • 4. H. Amin, The View from Egypt, [in:] Toward a New Public Diplomacy: Redirecting U.S. Foreign Policy, (ed.) P. Seib, New York 2009.
  • 5. B. Ballow, Academic and Professional Exchanges with the Islamic World, [in:] Engaging the Arab & Islamic World through Public Diplomacy: A Report and Action Recommendations, (ed.) W.A. Rugh, Washington 2004.
  • 6. P. Cary, An Explosion of News: The State of Media in Afghanistan, A Report to the Center for International Media Assistance, February 23, 2012.
  • 7. G. Chiozza, Anti-Americanism and the American World Order, Baltimore 2009.
  • 8. L.A. Curtis, America’s Image Abroad: Room for Improvement, “Heritage Lectures”, No. 1027, 31 May, 2007, http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/americas-image-abroad-room-for-improvement (accessed 14.06.2014).
  • 9. Department of State-USAID Joint Summary of Performance and Financial Information for Fiscal Year 2012, http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1868/StateUSAIDJoint2012SummaryReport_030513.pdf (accessed 5.08.2014).
  • 10. W. Douglas, J. Neal, Engaging the Muslim World. Public Diplomacy after 9/11 in the Arab Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, Center for Strategic and International Studies, November 2013.
  • 11. English Language Development Programs and Resources offered by the Public Affairs Section, http://kabul.usembassy.gov/english_language.html (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 12. J.L. Esposito, The future of Islam, New York 2010.
  • 13. P.H. Gordon, Winning the right war: the path to security for America and the world, New York 2007.
  • 14. How citizens of the United States and predominantly Muslim Nations see each other, Gallup World Poll 2006, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2007/2/17islamic%20world/20070217mogahed.pdf (accessed 23.08.2014).
  • 15. J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board, Annual Report 2011-2012, http://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/2011-2012_ffsb_annual_report.pdf (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 16. Junior Faculty Development Program, http://kabul.usembassy.gov/junior_faculty.html (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 17. J. Kamminga, Public Diplomacy in Afghanistan Beyond the 2014 Transition: Lessons from the United States and the Netherlands, “Discussion Papers in Diplomacy”, no. 126.
  • 18. M. Leonard, C. Smewing, Public Diplomacy and the Middle East, Foreign Policy Centre, 2003.
  • 19. E. Londono, K. Deyoung, G. Miller, Afghanistan gains will be lost quickly after drawdown, U.S. intelligence estimate warns, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/afghanistan-gains-will-be-lost-quickly-after-drawdown-us-intelli-gence-estimate-warns/2013/12/28/ac609f90-6f32-11e3-aecc-85cb037b7236_story.html (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 20. J. Lyall, Afghanistan’s lost decade, “Foreign Affairs”, December 15, 2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136787/jason-lyall/afghanistans-lost-decade, (accessed 6.08.2014).
  • 21. Measuring the State of Muslim-West Relations: Assessing the “New Beginning”, November 2010, http://www.gallup.com/poll/144959/measuring-state-muslim-west-relations.aspx (accessed 12.08.2014).
  • 22. S. Miakhel, N. Coburn, Myths and Misconceptions in the Afghan Transition, “Peace-brief”, April 9, 2012, http://www.usip.org/publications/myths-and-misconceptions-in-the-afghan-transition (accessed 4.08.2014).
  • 23. K.H. Nakamura, M.C. Weed, U.S public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues, Congressional Research Service, December 18, 2009.
  • 24. P. Naik, An Examination of the Fulbright Program. International Educational Exchange from a National Security Perspective, August 2012, http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20Reports/Ref%200078%20%20An%20Examination%20of%20the%20Ful-bright%20Program.pdf (accessed 17.08.2014).
  • 25. F. Newport, More Americans Now View Afghanistan War as a Mistake, http://www.gallup.com/poll/167471/americans-view-afghanistan-war-mistake.aspx?version=print (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 26. Remarks by the President Upon Arrival, September 16, 2001, http://georgewbush-white-house.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010916-2.html (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 27. RFE/RL’s Radio Azadi, http://www.rferl.org/info/afghan/181/html (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 28. C. Ross, Pillars of Public Diplomacy. Grappling with International Public Opinion, “Harvard International Review”, Summer 2003;25, 2.
  • 29. W.A. Rugh, Repairing American Public Diplomacy, http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=709 (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 30. Taliban Propaganda: Winning the War of Words?, International Crisis Group, Asia Report N°158, 24 July 2008, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/158-taliban-propaganda-winning-the-war-of-words.aspx (accessed 25.07.2014).
  • 31. Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, http://www.state.gov/r/, (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 32. USAID’s Major Accomplishments Since 2001, http://kabul.usembassy.gov/usaidd50.html (accessed 21.07.2014).
  • 33. U.S. Education Reform and National Security, Council on Foreign Relations, Independent Task Force Report No. 68, 2012, http://www.cfr.org/united-states/us-education-reform-national-security/p27618 (accessed 6.08.2014).
  • 34. White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group’s Report on U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan and Pakistan, http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Afghanistan-Pakistan_White_Paper.pdf.
  • 35. A. Williams, The U.S. Military and Public Diplomacy, [in:] Toward a New Public Diplomacy: Redirecting U.S. Foreign Policy, (ed.) P. Seib, New York 2009.
  • 36. http://auaf.edu.af/about/ (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 37. https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/english-access-final-report_reformattedx.pdf, (accessed 26.07.2014).
  • 38. http://kabul.usembassy.gov/educational_exchange.html (accessed 26.07.2014).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-31e9253e-739b-4d6b-8f5b-8ec269d6bb1b
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