Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Cannabis sativa L. Flowers from the Ketama Region in Northern Morocco

• Autorzy: Ahidar Naoufal , Labhar Amina , Benamari Omar , Ahari Mhamed , Salhi Amin , Elyoussfi Abdellah , Amhamdi Hassan

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12912/27197050/175125

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Within the framework of Bill No.13-21 on the legal use of cannabis in Morocco, we studied the Cannabis sativa L. plant, known as ‘Beldeya,’ grown in the Ketama region of northern Morocco. In the present study, phytochemical screening, a quantitative study on ethanol, chloroform, and hexane extracts of cannabis flowers, and a study of antioxidant potential were carried out. In all three extracts, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of different kinds of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, anthocyanins, tannins, and reducing sugars. The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to measure the total amount of polyphenols, and the results showed that the total amount of polyphenols varied from 1.802 mg to 2.225 mg of gallic acid equivalent (EqAG). Flavonoid assay with Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) revealed that all three extracts contained flavonoids, ranging from 0.242 mg to 0.442 mg quercetin equivalent (EqQ). Using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) reduction test, antioxidant activity was evaluated. The results obtained show that the ethanolic extract exhibited superior activity, with an IC50 value of 231.39 μg/ml, followed by the hexanic and chloroformic extracts, having IC50 values of 376.40 μg/ml and 769.60 μg/ml, respectively.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Cannabis sativa L.; plant extract; antioxidant activity; phenolic content; flavonoid content

• Wydawca: Lubelski Oddział Polskiego Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology ; WNGB Wydawnictwo Naukowe
• Czasopismo: Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 25, iss. 1
• Strony: 209--215
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 24 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Ahidar Naoufal

• Research Unit in Applied Chemistry (URCA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, B.P: 34 Ajdir, Al Hoceima 32003, Ctre Ait Youssef Ou Ali, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6022-5084

autor

Labhar Amina

• Research Unit in Applied Chemistry (URCA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, B.P: 34 Ajdir, Al Hoceima 32003, Ctre Ait Youssef Ou Ali, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1015-484X

autor

Benamari Omar

• Research Unit in Applied Chemistry (URCA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, B.P: 34 Ajdir, Al Hoceima 32003, Ctre Ait Youssef Ou Ali, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0038-7919

autor

Ahari Mhamed

• Research Unit in Applied Chemistry (URCA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, B.P: 34 Ajdir, Al Hoceima 32003, Ctre Ait Youssef Ou Ali, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0457-5923

autor

Salhi Amin

• Research Unit in Applied Chemistry (URCA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, B.P: 34 Ajdir, Al Hoceima 32003, Ctre Ait Youssef Ou Ali, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5243-747X

autor

Elyoussfi Abdellah

• Research Unit in Applied Chemistry (URCA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, B.P: 34 Ajdir, Al Hoceima 32003, Ctre Ait Youssef Ou Ali, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-8789

autor

Amhamdi Hassan

• Research Unit in Applied Chemistry (URCA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, B.P: 34 Ajdir, Al Hoceima 32003, Ctre Ait Youssef Ou Ali, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6693-5752

Bibliografia

• 1. Amaducci S., Scordia D., Liu F.H., Zhang Q., Guo H., G. Testa, Cosentino S.L. 2015. Key Cultivation Techniques for Hemp in Europe and China. Industrial Crops and Products, 68, 2‐16. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.041.
• 2. Bonini S.A., Premoli M., Tambaro S., Kumar A, Maccarinelli G., Memo M, Mastinu A. 2018. «Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 227, 300-315.
• 3. Chen J., Jing Yang J., Ma L., Li J, Shahzad N., Kim C.K. 2020. Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of methoxy, phenolic hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid groups of phenolic acids. Scientific reports 10(1), 2611.
• 4. Clarke R., Merlin M. 2016. Cannabis: evolution and ethnobotany. Univ of California Press.
• 5. El Bakali I., Boutahar A., Kadiri M., Merzouki A. 2022. A comparative phytochemical profiling of essential oils isolated from three hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars grown in central-northern Morocco. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 42, 102327.
• 6. Farooq M., Ahmad R., Shahzad M., Sajjad Y., Hassan A., Shah M.M., Saba Naz, Khan S.A. 2021. Differential variations in total flavonoid content and antioxidant enzymes activities in pea under different salt and drought stresses. Scientia Horticulturae, 287, 110258.
• 7. Galanakis, C.M., Goulas V., Tsakona S., Manganaris G.A., Gekas V. 2013. A Knowledge Base for The Recovery of Natural Phenols with Different Solvents. International Journal of Food Properties, 16(2), 382‐96. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.522750.
• 8. Fuentes G., Azucena I., Dalila O., Fangio F., Ramos F., Mitton G., Fuselli S., Matias M., Ramirez C.L. 2023. Antibacterial activity of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) female inflorescence and root extract against Paenibacillus larvae, causal agent of American foulbrood. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 47, 102575.
• 9. Haddou S., El Hassania L., Hbika A., Chahine A., Hammouti B. 2023. Phytochemical study using HPLC-UV/GC–MS of different of Cannabis sativa L seeds extracts from Morocco. Materials Today: Proceedings, 72, 3896‐3903.
• 10. Highlights of Morocco’s bill N° 13-21 on the Legal use of Cannabis. (2021, March 22). Africa Laws. https://www.africalaws.org/HighlightsofMoroccosbillN13.21ontheLegaluseofCannabis.php#:~:text=The%20bill%20developed%20by%20the,by%20a%20specialized%20Agency%20under.
• 11. Jin D., Dai K., Xie Z., Chen J. 2020. Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Cannabis Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Barks, and Roots for Medicinal Purposes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 3309. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60172-6.
• 12. Kadri, A., Zarai Z., Békir A., Gharsallah N., Damak M., Gdoura R. 2011. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Marrubium vulgare L. essential oil from Tunisia. African journal of biotechnology, 10(19), 3908‐14.
• 13. Kornpointner C., Martinez A.S., Marinovic S., Haselmair-Gosch C., Jamnik P., Schröder K., Löfke C., Halbwirth H. 2021. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Cannabis Sativa L. Roots. Industrial Crops and Products, 165, 113422. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113422
• 14. Labhar A., Benamari O., El-Mernissi Y., Salhi A., Ahari M., El Barkany S., Amhamdi H. 2023. Phytochemical, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves from Ajdir, Al Hoceima Province, Morocco ». Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(7), 172‐77.
• 15. Laib I., Barkat M. 2011. Composition chimique et activité antioxydante de l’huile essentielle des fleurs sèches de Lavandula officinalis ».
• 16. Louli V., Ragoussis N., Magoulas K. 2004. Recovery of phenolic antioxidants from wine industry by-products. Bioresource technology, 92(2), 201-8.
• 17. Merzouki, A., Molero Mesa J. s. d. El Cáñamo (Cannabis sativa L.) en la Farmacopea Tradicional del Rif (Norte de Marruecos).
• 18. Nekhla H., Atmani M., El Hanafi L., Rhioui W., Goubi A., Squalli W., Zahri A., Harrach A., El Ghadraoui L.. 2023. Biological Properties of Chamaerops humilis L.–Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Leaf, Fruit and Pulp Extracts. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(8).
• 19. Pacheco-Hernández Y., Villa-Ruano N., Lozoya-Gloria E., Barrales-Cortés C.A., Jiménez-Montejo F.E., del Carmen Cruz-López M. 2021. Influence of environmental factors on the genetic and chemical diversity of Brickellia veronicifolia populations growing in fragmented shrublands from Mexico. Plants, 10(2), 325.
• 20. Salentijn E.M.J., Zhang Q., Amaducci S., Yang M., Trindade L.M. 2015. New Developments in Fiber Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) Breeding. Industrial Crops and Products, 68, 32‐41. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.011.
• 21. Sofowora, A. 1996. Research on medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. P. 191‐289 in The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Vol. 2. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2 Madison Avenue Larchmont, NY 10538 USA.
• 22. Sokół-Łętowska A., Oszmiański J., Wojdyło A. 2007. Antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds of hawthorn, pine and skullcap. Food chemistry, 103(3), 853-59.
• 23. Yadav M., Chatterji S., Gupta S.K., Watal G. 2014. Preliminary phytochemical screening of six medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 6(5), 539‐42.
• 24. Zhishen J., Mengcheng T., Jianming W. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food chemistry, 64(4), 555‐59.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2024).