Blends of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol with 5% oxygen in ordinary engines: effects on exhaust emissions over the Artemis cycle

• Autorzy: Beranek V. , Vojtisek-Lom M. , Stolcpartova J. , Mikuska P. , Krumal K.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Mieszanki etanolu, n-butanolu i izobutanolu z 5% zawartością tlenu w zwykłych silnikach: wpływ na emisję w cyklu Artemis

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In the EU, alcohol fuels are used mostly in the form of ethanol, sold either as E85, or mixed in less than 10% concentrations into gasoline for the general fleet. This work examines the effects of extending the ethanol share to 15%. Additionally, considering the high hygroscopicity and corrosivity of ethanol, two isomers of butanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, were blended with gasoline at 25% by volume, all blends corresponding to approximately 5% oxygen by weight. These four fuels were examined in two typical spark ingition automobile engines, a Ford Focus car with a Euro 6 EcoBoost direct injection (DISI) engine, and a Skoda Fabia car with a Euro 5 multipoint injection (MPI) engine. Both cars were tested on chassis dynamometer using the Artemis driving cycle. There were no measurable effects on the emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. The alcohol fuels increased the emissions of nitrogen oxides on the MPI engine. On the DISI engine over the Artemis cycle, the number of emitted solid particles and the emissions of elemental carbon and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were reduced relative to gasoline, by about one half for both butanol isomers, while ethanol did not yield observable effects. Particle emissions of the MPI engine were generally smaller. The results suggest that both n-butanol and isobutanol are viable fuels, which could be considered as an alternative to ethanol.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

spark ignition engine; direct injection; particle emissions; particle number; particle size distribution; oxygenated fuels; ethanol; butanol

PL

silniki z zapłonem iskrowym; mieszanki etanolu; emisja cząstek; etanol; butanol

• Wydawca: Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: nr 204
• Strony: 186--198
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 34 poz., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Beranek V.

• Center for Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic

autor

Vojtisek-Lom M.

• Center for Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic

autor

Stolcpartova J.

• Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences

autor

Mikuska P.

• Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

autor

Krumal K.

• Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Bibliografia

• [1] Tao, L., Tan, E.C.D., McCormick, R.L., Zhang, M. et al., Technoeconomic analysis and life-cycle assessment of cellulosic iso-butanol and comparison with cellulosic ethanol and n-butanol. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 8(1): 30-48, 2014, doi:10.1002/bbb.1431.
• [2] Xue, C., Zhao, X.Q., Liu, C.G., Chen, L.J. and Bai F.W., Prospective and development of butanol as an advanced biofuel. Biotechnol Adv. 31(8): 1575-84, 2013, doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.004.
• [3] Cascone, R., Biobutanol: a replacement for bioethanol?. Chem. Eng. Prog. 104(4) S4-S9, 2008.
• [4] Patakova, P., Maxa, D., Rychtera, M., Linhova, L. et al., Perspectives of biobutanol production and use, in Biofuel's engineering process technology, ed. Bernandes M.A.D.S., 243-266, 2011, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, doi:10.5772/961.
• [5] Karavalakis, G., Short, D., Vu, D., Russell, R.L. et al., The impact of ethanol and iso-butanol blends on gaseous and particulate emissions from two passenger cars equipped with spray-guided and wall-guided direct injection SI (spark ignition) engines. Energy. in print: 2015, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.01.023.
• [6] Stansfield, P., Bisordi, A., OudeNijeweme, D., Williams, J. et al., The Performance of a Modern Vehicle on a Variety of Alcohol-Gasoline Fuel Blends SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5(2): 813-822, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-01-1272.
• [7] Szwaja, S., Naber, J.D. Combustion of n-butanol in a spark-ignition SI engine. Fuel, 89(7): 1573-1582, 2010, doi:10.1016/j.fue1.2009.08.043.
• [8) Dernotte, J., Mounaim-Rousselle, C., Halter, E, Seers, P., Evaluation of butanol-gasoline blends in a port fuel injection, spark-ignition engine. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. - Rev. IFP 65(2): 345-351, 2010, doi:10.2516/ogst/2009034.
• [9] Gu, X., Huang, Z., Cai, J., Gong, J., Lee, Ch., Emission characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fuelled with gasoline-n-butanol blends in combination with EGR. Fue193(1): 611-617, 2012, doi:10.1016/j.fue1.2011.11.040.
• [10] Wigg, B., Coverdill, R., Lee, C., and Kyritsis, D., Emissions Characteristics of Neat Butanol Fuel Using a Port Fuel-Injected, Spark-Ignition Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0902, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-01-0902.
• [11] Wallner, T., Frazee, R., Study of Regulated and Non Regulated Emissions from Combustion of Gasoline, Alcohol Fuels and their Blends in a DI-SI Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1571, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-01-1571.
• [12] Thewes, M., Muther, M., Brassat, A., Pischinger, S. et al., Analysis of the Effect of Bio-Fuels on the Combustion in a Downsized DI SI Engine. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5(1):274-288, 2012, doi:10.4271/2011-01-1991
• [13] Pechout, M., Dittrich, A., and Vojtisek-Lom, M., Operation of an Ordinary PFI Engine on n-butanol and Iso-butanol and Their Blends with Gasoline. SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2618, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-2618.
• [14] Andersen, V.E, Anderson, J.E., Wallington, T.J., Mueller, S.A. et al., Vapor Pressures of Alcohol-Gasoline Blends. Energ. Fuel. 24(6): 3647-3654, 2010, doi:10.1021/ ef100254w.
• [15] Aleiferis P.G., van Romunde Z.R., An analysis of spray development with iso-octane, n-pentane, gasoline, ethanol and n-butanol from a multi-hole injector under hot fuel conditions. Fuel 105: 143-168, 2013, doi:10.1016/j.fue1.2012.07.044.
• [16] Merola, S., Tornatore, C., Valentino, G., Marchitto, L. et al., Optical Investigation of the Effect on the Combustion Process of Butanol-Gasoline Blend in a PFI SI Boosted Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0057, 2011, doi:10.4271 /2011-24-0057.
• [17] Tornatore, C., Marchitto, L., Valentino, G., Corcione, F.E. et al., Optical diagnostics of the combustion process in a PFI SI boosted engine fueled with butanol-gasoline blend. Energy 45(1): 277-287, 2012, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.03.006.
• [18] Vojtisek-Lom, M., Pechout, M., Mazac, M., Real-World On-Road Exhaust Emissions from an Ordinary Gasoline Car Operated on E85 and on Butanol-Gasoline Blend. SAE Technical Paper 2013-24-0102, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-24-0102.
• [19] Regalbuto, C., Pennisi, M., Wigg, B., Kyritsis, D., Experimental investigation of Butanol Isomer Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines. SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1271, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-01-1271.
• [20] Karavalakis, G., Short, D., Vu, D., Villela, M. et al., Evaluating the regulated emissions, air toxics, ultrafine particles, and black carbon from SI-PFI and SI-DI vehicles operating on different ethanol and iso-butanol blends. Fuel 128: 410-421, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.fue12014.03.016.
• [21] Ratcliff, M.A., Luecke, J., Williams, A., Christensen, E. et al., Impact of higher alcohols blended in gasoline on light-duty vehicle exhaust emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47(23), 13865-13872, 2013, doi:10.1021/es402793p.
• [22] Pechout, M., Dittrich,A., Mazac, M., Vojtisek-Lom, M., Real Driving Emissions of Two Older Ordinary Cars Operated on High-Concentration Blends of N-Butanol and ISO-Butanol with Gasoline. SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2488, 2015, doi:10.4271 /2015-24-2488.
• [23] Vojtisek-Lom, M., Beranek, V., Stolcpartova, J., Pechout, M. et al., „Effects of n--Butanol and Isobutanol on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Euro 6 Direct-injection Spark Ignition Engine During Laboratory and on-Road Tests," SAE Int. J. Engines 8(5):2015, doi:10.4271/2015-24-2513.
• [24] Christensen, E., Yanowitz, J., Ratcliff, M., McCormick,R.L., Renewable oxygenate blending effects on gasoline properties. Energ. Fuel. 25(10), 4723-4733, 2011, doi:10.1021/ef2010089.
• [25] Tornatore, C., Irimescu, A., Marchitto, L., Merola, S.S., Valentino G., Combustion Process Analysis in a DISI Engine Fuelled with N-Butanol through UV-VIS Emission Spectroscopy. IJET 7(3): 242-248, 2015, doi:10.7763/IJET.2015.V7.799.
• [26] Irimescu, A., Marchitto, L., Merola, S.S., Tornatore, C., Valentino, G., Combustion process investigations in an optically accessible DISI engine fuelled with n-butanol during part load operation. Renew. Energ. 77, 363-376, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.029.
• [27] Pechout, M., Trnka, M., Novotny, M., Vojtisek, M., Adaptation of Small Spark Ignition Engine to Alcohol Fuels. Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske, 130(7-8): 262-267. 2014.
• [28] Polcar, A., Cupera, J., Sedlak, P., Exhaust emissions of spark-ignition engine fuelled by E85. Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske,130(4): 149-153, 2014.
• [29] Gerde, P., Muggenburg, B.A., Lundborg, M., Dahl, A.R., The rapid alveolar absorption of diesel soot-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene: bioavailability, metabolism and dosimetry of an inhaled particle-borne carcinogen. Carcinogenesis 22, 2001, 741-749.
• [30] Krzyzanowski M., Kuna-Dibbert B., Schneider J., eds., Health Effects of Transport-Related Air Pollution. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 2005..
• [31] Kunzli, N., Kaiser, R., Medina, S., Studnicka, M., Chanel, O., Filliger, P., Herry, M., Horak, E, Puybonnieux-Texier, V., Quenel, P., Schneider, J., Seethaler, R., Vergnaud, J.-C., Sommer, H.,. Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. The Lancet 356, 892000, 5-901.
• [32] Janssen, N.A.H. et al., Black Carbon as an Additional Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Airborne Particles Compared with PMIO and PM2.5. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 December; 119(12): 1691-1699. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC3261976/
• [33] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Working Group 29, materials online at https://www2.unece.org/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2523179 and http://www.unece.org/trans/main/welcwp29.html
• [34] Andre, M., The ARTEMIS European driving cycles for measuring car pollutant emissions. Sci. Total Environt, 334-335:73-84, 2004, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.070.