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The individual identification of communication emitters is a process of identifying different emitters based on the radio frequency fingerprint features extracted from the received signals. Due to the inherent non-linearity of the emitter power amplifier, the fingerprints provide distinguishing features for emitter identification. In this study, approximate entropy is introduced into variational mode decomposition, whose features performed in each mode which is decomposed from the reconstructed signal are extracted while the local minimum removal method is used to filter out the noise mode to improve SNR. We proposed a semi-supervised dimensionality reduction method named exponential semi-supervised discriminant analysis in order to reduce the high-dimensional feature vectors of the signals, and LightGBM is applied to build a classifier for communication emitter identification. The experimental results show that the method performs better than the state-of-the-art individual communication emitter identification technology for the steady signal data set of radio stations with the same plant, batch and model.
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Tom
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art. no. e145766
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 33 poz., rys., tab.
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autor
- School of Information & Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
autor
- School of Information & Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
autor
- School of Information & Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
autor
- School of Information & Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
autor
- School of Information & Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
autor
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, ShenZhen, GuangDong, 518000, China
autor
- School of Information & Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
Bibliografia
- [1] J. Dudczyk and A. Kawalec, “Specific emitter identification based on graphical representation of the distribution of radar signal parameters,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 391–396, 2015.
- [2] J. Gong, X. Xu, and Y. Lei, “Unsupervised specific emitter identification method using radio-frequency fingerprint embedded InfoGAN,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur., vol. 15, pp. 2898–2913, 2020.
- [3] T.J. Bihl, K.W. Bauer, M.A. Temple, “Feature selection for RF fingerprinting with multiple discriminant analysis and using Zig-Bee device emissions,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1862–1874, Aug. 2016.
- [4] Y. Chen, Z. Wu, and Y. Lei, “Individual Identification of Radar Emitters Based on a One-Dimensional LeNet Neural Network,” Symmetry, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 1215, 2021.
- [5] Q. Xu, R. Zheng, W. Saad, and Z. Han, “Device fingerprinting in wireless networks: Challenges and opportunities,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 94–104, 2016.
- [6] Z. Xiao and Z. Yan, “Radar Emitter Identification Based on Novel Time-Frequency Spectrum and Convolutional Neural Network,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2634–2638, 2021.
- [7] Q. Wu, C. Feres, D. Kuzmenko, D. Zhi, and Z. Yu, “Deep learning based RF fingerprinting for device identification and wireless security,” Electron. Lett., vol. 54, no. 24, pp. 1405–1407, Nov. 2018.
- [8] N. Zhou, L. Luo, G. Sheng, and X. Jiang, “High accuracy insulation fault diagnosis method of power equipment based on power maximum likelihood estimation,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1291–1299, Aug. 2019.
- [9] S. Udit, T. Nikita, B. Gagarin, and R. Barathram, “Specific Emitter Identification Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Spectral Features in Single Hop and Relaying Scenarios,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 581–591, 2019.
- [10] S. Liu, X. Yan, P. Li, X. Hao, and K. Wang, “Radar Emitter Recognition Based on SIFT Position and Scale Features,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II-Express Briefs, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 2062–2066, Dec. 2018.
- [11] J. Han, T. Zhang, Z. Qiu, and X. Zheng, “Communication emitter individual identification via 3D-Hilbert energy spectrum-based multiscale segmentation features,” Int. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 32, no. 1, p. e3833, Jan. 2019.
- [12] Q. Zhang, Y. Guo, Z.Y. Song, “Dynamic Curve Fitting and BP Neural Network With Feature Extraction for Mobile Specific Emitter Identification,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 33897–33910, 2021.
- [13] G. Huang, Y. Yuan, X. Wang, and Z. Huang, “Specific Emitter Identification Based on Nonlinear Dynamical Characteristics,” Can. J. Electr. Comp. Eng., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 34–41, 2016.
- [14] L. Wu, Y. Zhao, Z. Wang, F.Y.O. Abdalla, and G. Ren, “Specific emitter identification using fractal features based on the box-counting dimension and variance dimension,” in 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT), 2017, pp. 226–231.
- [15] C.M. Jeong, Y.G. Jung, S.J. Lee, “Neural network-based radar signal classification system using probability moment and ApEn,” Soft Comput., vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 4205–4219, 2018.
- [16] J. Lu and X. Xu, “Multiple-Antenna Emitters Identification Based on a Memoryless Power Amplifier Model,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 23, p. 5233, Dec. 2019.
- [17] K. Dragomiretskiy and D. Zosso, “Variational Mode Decomposition,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 531–544, Feb. 2014.
- [18] Pincus, Steve, “Approximate entropy (ApEn) as a complexity measure,” Chaos, vol. 5, pp. 110–117, 1995.
- [19] C.E. Shannon, “A mathematical theory of communication,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 379–423, 1948.
- [20] P. Zhang, X. Tan, Y.U. Xuchu, and X. Wei, “Hyperspectral Imagery Feature Extraction Based on Kernel Semi-Supervised Discriminant Analysis,” J. Geomat. Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 258–262, 2016.
- [21] L. Ma, M.M. Crawford, X. Yang, and Y. Guo, “Local-Manifold-Learning-Based Graph Construction for Semisupervised Hyperspectral Image Classification,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 2832–2844, 2015.
- [22] F. Dornaika, Y. El Traboulsi, “Matrix exponential based semi-supervised discriminant embedding for image classification,” Pattern Recognit., vol. 61, pp. 92–103, Jan. 2017.
- [23] Z. Zhao, W. Qi, J. Han, Y. Zhang, and L.F. Bai, “Semi-supervised classification via discriminative sparse manifold regularization,” Signal Process.-Image Commun., vol. 47, pp. 207–217, Sep. 2016.
- [24] Q. Meng, “LightGBM: A Highly Efficient Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,” 2017.
- [25] X. Zhang, X. Lu, R. Jia, and S. Kan, “Micro-seismic signal denoising method based on variational mode decomposition and energy entropy,” J. China Coal Soc., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 356–363, 2018.
- [26] M. Zhu, Z. Feng, X. Zhou, R. Xiao, and Y. Qi, “Specific Emitter Identification Based on Synchrosqueezing Transform for Civil Radar,” Electronics, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 658, Apr. 2020.
- [27] D. Sun, Y. Li, Y. Xu, and J. Hu, “A Novel Method for Specific Emitter Identification Based on Singular Spectrum Analysis,” in 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2017.
- [28] C. Deng, X. He, and J. Han, “Semi-supervised Discriminant Analysis,” in Computer Vision, 2007. ICCV 2007. IEEE 11th International Conference on. IEEE, 2007.
- [29] H.S. Hu, D.Z. Feng, and Q.Y. Chen, “A novel dimensionality reduction method: Similarity order-preserving discriminant analysis,” Signal Process., vol. 182, p. 107933, May. 2021.
- [30] X. Tao, C. Ren, Q. Li, W. Guo, R. Liu, and Q. He, “Bearing defect diagnosis based on semi-supervised kernel Local Fisher Discriminant Analysis using pseudo labels,” ISA Trans., vol. 110, pp. 394–412, Apr. 2021.
- [31] T. Chen, and C. Guestrin, “XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System,” in 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference. ACM, 2016.
- [32] S. Guo and H. Tracey, “Discriminant Analysis for Radar Signal Classification,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 3134–3148, Aug. 2020.
- [33] A. Jh, P.B. Hong, C. Jw, W. Y.D., “kNN-P: A kNN classifier optimized by P systems,” Theor. Comput. Sci. e, vol. 817, pp. 55–65, 2020.
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-3072979f-e22d-4164-9045-0b5c862f7c19