Tytuł artykułu
Autorzy
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Application of cubic equations of state to natural gas process engineering
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Kubiczne równania stanu są najczęściej stosowanymi równaniami do wyznaczania stanów równowagi fazowej, ustalającej się w gazie ziemnym. W niniejszym studium przedstawiono: analizę kubicznych równań stanu pod kątem możliwości ich wykorzystania do opracowania modeli termodynamicznych opisujących właściwości składników niepolarnych i polarnych, które wchodzą w skład gazu ziemnego, ■ ocenę kubicznych równań stanu i wybór równania pozwalającego wyznaczyć z zadawalającą dokładnością właściwości czystych składników (prężność pary nasyconej oraz objętość właściwą cieczy i gazu) oraz równowagę fazową ciecz-para ustalającą się w gazie ziemnym, ■ ocenę możliwości wykorzystania kubicznych równań stanu w przemyśle gazowniczym do analizy stanów równowagi fazowej ciecz-para, ustalającej się w wyniku kondensacji węglowodorów ciężkich zawartych w gazie ziemnym, na podstawie wyników obliczeń wykonanych przy wykorzystaniu opracowanych modeli termodynamicznych (programów komputerowych przeznaczonych do wyznaczania temperatury i ciśnienia punktów kondensacji węglowodorów w gazie ziemnym), ■ analizę najważniejszych parametrów termodynamicznych istotnych z punktu widzenia określenia stanu równowagi fazowej ustalającej się w gazie ziemnym (krytyczną temperaturę kondensacji i krytyczne ciśnienie kondensacji), analizę rozpuszczalności węglowodorów ciężkich w metanie i wpływu zawartości węglowodorów ciężkich w gazie ziemnym na krytyczną temperaturę kondensacji gazu i na temperaturę kondensacji węglowodorów wchodzących w skład gazu ziemnego oraz analizę zjawiska zwanego kondensacją wsteczną ■ metody wyznaczania punktu rosy wody, oparte na równaniach korelacyjnych i równaniu stanu Penga-Robinsona, analizę możliwości wykorzystania opracowanego modelu termodynamicznego, opartego na równaniu stanu Penga-Robinsona (programu komputerowego umożliwiającego wyznaczanie temperatury lub ciśnienia punktów rosy wody zawartej w gazie ziemnym).
Cubic equations of state are the most widely used for the prediction of phase equilibrium in natural gas. It is the aim of this study to present: ■ an analysis of cubic equations of state from the point of view of the possibility of using them for developing the thermodynamic model suitable for predicting the properties of polar and nonpolar compounds, contained in natural gas, ■ evaluating of cubic equations of state and selecting an equation of state, which will be accurate for the prediction pure components properties in saturated region (saturated vapour pressure and liquid and gas volume) as well as vapour/liquid equilibrium behaviour of natural gas, ■ an analysis of the possibility of using the cubic equation of state in the gas industry for evaluating the condensation behaviour of natural gas on the base of the results of computations done by using the developed thermodynamic models (computer programmes for predicting the hydrocarbon dew point temperature and pressure of natural gas), ■ an analysis of the main thermodynamic parameters important from the point of view of the phase behaviour of natural gas (critical condensation pressure - cricodenbar point and critical condensation temperature - cricodentherm point), analysis of solubility of hydrocarbons in methane, the dependence of the hydrocarbon dew point temperature and cricodentherm point on the concentration of hydrocarbon with high molecular weight and an analysis of the phenomenon called retrograde condensation, ■ methods for the prediction of water dew point temperature and pressure, ■ Analysis of the predictive capabilities of the developed thermodynamic models based on PengRobinson EOS (computer programmes for the calculating the water dew point of natural gas).
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
1--126
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 133 poz., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
Bibliografia
- 1. Ciesielczyk E., "Ocena i kontrola jakości gazu ziemnego w Polsce. Przygotowanie i wdrożenie metod pomiarowych i obliczeniowych. Część II. "Analiza równań stanu do obliczeń dla równowag fazowych ciecz-para w gazie ziemnym i przygotowanie programu komputerowego do obliczeń punktu rosy wody, węglowodorów dla gazów ziemnych rozprowadzanych w różnych warunkach ciśnienia i temperatury i użytkowanych w Polsce", Raport IGNiG, Kraków 1996
- 2. Ciesielczyk E., „Modelowanie matematyczne zjawisk wydzielania się z gazu ziemnego faz ciekłych (wody i kondensatów węglowodorowych) oraz stałych (hydratów węglowodorowych) i opracowanie programów komputerowych przydatnych w praktyce gazowniczej. Etap I i II", Raport IGNiG, Kraków grudzień 1998, Kraków styczeń 2000
- 3. Reid R.C., „Retrospective comments on physical properties correlations", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 13, 1-14, 1983
- 4. Reid R.C., Prausnitz J.M., Poling B.E., „The properties of gases and Liquids", Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987
- 5. Szarawara J., „Termodynamika chemiczna stosowana", WNT, Warszawa 1997
- 6. Kammerlingh-Onnes H.K., Commun. Phys. Lab., Leiden, Holland, 71, 1901
- 7. van der Waals J.D., "On the Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous State" ("Over de Continuiteit van den Gas-en Vloeistoftoestand"), Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden, 1873
- 8. Clausius R., Ann. Phys. Chem., 9, 337, 1880
- 9. Lorentz, Wied. Ann., 12,127, 660, 1881
- 10. Berthelot D.J., J.Phys., 3, 263, 1899
- 11. Dieterici C„ Ann. Physik., 69, 685, 1899
- 12. Wohl К., Z. Physik. Chem., 133, 305, 1927
- 13. Martin J.J., „Cubic equations of state-which?", Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 18, 2, 81-97, 1979
- 14. Joffe J., „The Martin equation applied to high-pressure systems with polar components", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26, 4, 759-762, 1987
- 15. Joffe J„ Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 20, 168, 1981
- 16. Kubie W.L., "A modification of the Martin equation of state for calculating vapor-liquid equilibria", Fluid Phase Equilibria 9, 79-97, 1982
- 17. Redlich O., Kwong J.N.S., "On the thermodynamic of solutions. V. An equation of state. Fugacities of Gaseous Solutions", Chem. Rev. 44. 233, 1949
- 18. Horvath A.L., "Redlich-Kwong equation of state: review for chemical engineering calculations", Chem. Eng. Sei., 29, 5, 1334- 1340, 1974
- 19. Chueh P.L., Prausnitz J.M., AIChE J., 13, 896-902, 1967
- 20. Chueh P.L., Prausnitz J.M., „Vapor-Liquid Equilibria at High Pressures: Calculation of Critical Temperatures, Volumes and Pressures of Nonpolar mixtures", AIChE J., 13, 6, 1099-1112,1967
- 21. Chueh P.L., Prausnitz J.M., „Vapor-liquid equilibria at high pressures. Vapor-phase fugacity coefficients in nonpolar and quantum-gas mixtures", Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 6, 492-498, 1967
- 22. Wilson G.M., "Vapor-liquid equilibria. Correlation by means of a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state", Adv. Cryog. Eng., 9, 168-176 (1964)
- 23. Wilson G.M., „Calculation of enthalpy data from a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state", Adv. Cryog. Eng. 11, 392-400, 1966
- 24. Zudkevitch D., Joffe J., „Correlation and Prediction of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria with the Redlich-Kwong Equation of State", AIChE Journal, 16, 1, 112-119, 1970
- 25. Lyckamn E.W., Eckert С.A., Prausnitz J.M., Chem. Eng. Sei. 20, 685-691, 1965
- 26. de Santis R., Breedveid G.J.F., Prausnitz J.M., „Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Gas Mixtures at Advanced Pressures", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop. 13, 4, 374-377, 1974
- 27. Wenzel H., Rupp W., „Calculation of phase equilibria in systems containing water and supercritical component", Chem. Eng. Sei. 33, 6, 683-687, 1978
- 28. Heidemann R.A., „Three-phase equilibria using equations of state", AIChE J. 20, 5, 847-855, 1974
- 29. Wilson G.M., „A modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Application to general physical data calculations", paper presented at 65th National AIChE Mtg, Cleveland (1969)
- 30. Soave G.S., "Equilibrium constants from a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state", Chem. Eng. Sei. 27, 2, 1197-1203, 1972
- 31. Graboski M.S., Daubert Т.Е., "A Modified Soave Equation of State for Phase Equilibrium Calculations. 1. Hydrocarbon Systems", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 17, 443-448, 1978
- 32. Graboski M.S., Daubert Т.Е., "A Modified Soave Equation of State for Phase Equilibrium Calculations. 2. Systems Containing C02, H2S, N2 and CO", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 17, 448-454, 1978
- 33. Soave G.S., „Application of the Redlich-Kwong-Soave Equation of State to Solid-Liquid Equilibria Calculations", Chem. Eng. Sei. 34, 2, 225-229, 1979
- 34. Soave G.E., „Application of a cubic equation of state to vapour-liquid equilibria systems containing polar compounds" Int. Chem. Engng. Symposium Series, No 56, 1.2/1-1.2/16, 1979
- 35. Soave G.S, „Rigorous and simplified procedures for determining the pure-component parameters in the Redlich-Kwong-Soave Equation of State", Chem. Eng. Sei. 35, 8, 1725-1729, 1980
- 36. Evelein K.A., Moore R.G., Prediction of phase equilibria in sour natural gas systems using Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state", Ind.Eng.Chem. Process Des. Dev. 18, 618-624, 1979
- 37. Soave G.S., „Improvement of the van der Waals Equation of State", Chem. Eng. Sei. 39, 2, 357- 369, 1984
- 38. Fuller G.G., „A modified Redlich-Kwong-Soave Equation of State Capable of representing the Liquid State", Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 15, 4, 254-257, 1976
- 39. Schmidt G., Wenzel H., „A modified van der Waals Type Equation of State", Chem. Eng. Sei., 35, 7, 1503-1512, (1980)
- 40. Kabadi V.N., Danner R.P., "A modified Soave-Redlich-Kwong-Equation of State for water-Hydrocarbon Phase Equilibria", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 24, 3, 537-541, 1985
- 41. Kabadi V.N., Danner R.P., „Evaluation of Correlations for Hydrocarbon water Phase Equilibria", Presented at ACS Symposium on „Thermodynamics of Aqueous Systems with Industrial Applications", Airlie House: Washington, DC, 1979b
- 42. Stryjek R., „Correlation and prediction of VLE data for n-alkane mixtures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 56, 141-152, 1990
- 43. Stryjek R., „Correlation and evaluation of VLE data for n-alkane binary mixtures", Pure Appl. Chem. 61, 1419-1427, 1989
- 44. Huang H., Sandler S.I., „Prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria at high pressure using activity coefficient parameters obtained from low-pressure data: A comparison of two equation of state mixing rules", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 7, 1498-1503, 1993
- 45. Dahl S., Michelsen M.L., „High-pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium with UNIFAC-based equation of state", AlChE J. 36, 12, 1829-1836, 1990
- 46. Peng Ding-Yu, Robinson D.B., „A new Two-Constant Equation of State", Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 15, 1, 59-64, 1976
- 47. Peng Ding-Yu, Robinson D.B., „Two- and three phase equilibrium calculations for coal gasification and related processes", ACS Symposium Series No. 133, 393-414 (1980)
- 48. Peng D.Y., Robinson D.B., „Two and three phase equilibrium calculations for systems containing water", Can. J. Chem. Eng. 54, December, 595-599, 1976
- 49. Robinson D.B., Peng D.Y., „The characterization of the Heptanes and Heavier Fractions for the GPA Peng-Robinson Programs", GPA Research Report 28, 1978
- 50. Tsonopoulos C, Heidman J.L., „High pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibria with Cubic Equations of State", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 29, 391-414, 1986
- 51. Nikos Varotsis, George Stewart, A.C. Todd, M. Clancy, "Phase behaviour of systems comprising north sea reservoir fluids and injection gases", Journal of Petroleum Technology, November, 1221-1233,1986
- 52. Huron M.J., Vidal J., „New mixing rules in simple equations of state for representing vapour- liquid equilibria of strongly non-ideal mixtures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 3, 255-271, 1979
- 53. Eubank P.Т., Ching H.Wu, Alvarado J.F.J., Forero A., Beladi M.K., „Measurement and prediction of three-phase water/hydrocarbon equilibria", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 102, 181-203, 1994
- 54. Hideo Nishiumi i Tsutomu Arai, „Generalization of the Binary Interaction Parameter of the Peng- Robinson Equation of State by Component Family", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 42, 43-62, 1988
- 55. Gao G., Daridon J.L., Saint-Guirons H., Xans P., Montel F., „A simple correlation to evaluate binary interaction parameters of the Peng-Robinson equation of state: binary light hydrocarbon systems", Fluid Phase Equilibria 74, 85-93, 1992
- 56. Panagiotopoulos A.Z., Reid R., „Multiphase high pressure equilibria in ternary aqueous systems", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 29, 525-534, 1986
- 57. Panagiotopoulos A.Z., Kumar S.K., „А generalized techniques to obtain pure component parameters for two-parameter equations of state", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 22, 77-88, 1985
- 58. Heyen G., "A cubic equation of state with extended range of application", Chemical Engineering of Thermodynamics, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Ml, str 175-185, 1983
- 59. Stryjek R., Vera J.H., „PRSV: An improved Peng-Robinson equation of state for pure compounds and mixtures", The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 64, April, 323-333, 1986
- 60. Stryjek R., Vera J.H., „An improved equation of state", Equation of state. Theories and Applications, str. 571-582, ACS Symposium Series 300, Chao and Robinson Ed., 1986
- 61. Stryjek R., Vera J.H., „PRSV: An improved Peng-Robinson equation of state with new mixing rules for strongly nonideal mixtures", The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 64, April, 334-340, 1986
- 62. Stryjek R., Vera J.H., „PRSV2: A cubic equation of state for accurate vapor-liquid equilibria calculations", The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 64, October, 820-826, 1986
- 63. Patel N.C., Teja A.S., „A new Cubic Equation of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures"; Chem. Eng. Sei. 37, 3, 463-473, 1982
- 64. Heyen G., „Proc. of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Phase Equilibria and Fluids Properties in the Chemical Industry", Vol. 1, Dachema, Frankfurt 1980
- 65. Mathias P.M., Copeman T.W., „Extension of the Peng-Robinson equation of state to complex mixtures: evaluation of the various forms of the local composition concept", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 13, 91-108, 1983
- 66. Mathias P.M., „A versatile phase equilibrium equation of state", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 22, 385-391, 1983
- 67. Melhelm G.A., „A Modified Peng-Robinson Equation of State", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 47, 189- 237, 1989
- 68. Luedecke D., Prausnitz J.M., „Phase equilibrium for strongly nonideal mixtures from an equation of state with density-dependent mixing rules", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 22, 1-19, 1985
- 69. Panagiotopoulos A.Z., „High pressure phase equilibria: Experimental and Monte Carlo simulation Studies", PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1986)
- 70. Daridon J.L., Lagourette В., Saint-Guirons H., Xans Р., „A cubic equation of state model for phase equilibrium calculation of alkane + carbon dioxide + water using a group contribution ktJ ", Fluid Phase Equilibria 91, 31-54, 1993
- 71. McKetta J.J., Katza D.L., „Methane - n-butane - water system in two- and three phase regions", Ind. Eng. Chem. 40, 853-863, 1948
- 72. Twu Chorng H., Coon J.E., Cunningham J.R., „A new generalized alpha function for cubic equation of state. Part 1. Peng-Robinson equation", Fluid Phase Equilibria 105, 49-59, 1995
- 73. Twu Chorng H., Bluck D., Cunningham J.R., Coon J.E., „A cubic equation of state with a new alpha function and new mixing rule", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 69, 33-50, 1991
- 74. Michel S., Hooper H.H., Prausnitz J.M., „Mutual solubilities of water and hydrocarbons from an equation of state. Need for an unconventional mixing rule", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 45, 173-189, 1989
- 75. Vidal J. "Equations of state - reworking the old forms", Fluid Phase Equilibria 13, 15-33, 1983
- 76. Tsonopoulos C., Heidman J.L., "From Redlich-Kwong to the present", Fluid Phase Equilibria 24, 1-23, 1985
- 77. Abbott M.M., "Cubic equation of state: an interpretative review", Advances in Chemistry Series, 182,47-70,1979
- 78. Anderko A., "Equation of state methods for the modelling of phase equilibria", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 61, 145-225, 1990
- 79. Abbott M.M., "Cubic equations of state", AlChE J., vol. 19, No. 3, 596-601, 1973
- 80. Vidal, "Equation of state - reworking the old forms", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 13, 15-33, 1983
- 81. Tsonopoulos C., Heidman J.L., "From Redlich-Kwong to the present", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 24, 1-23, 1985
- 82. Kolasińska G., "Correlation and prediction of VLE and LLE by empirical EOS", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 27, 289-308, 1986
- 83. Adachi Y., Lu B.C.Y, Sugie H. "A four parameter equation of state", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 11, 29-48, 1983
- 84. Trebble M.A., Bishnoi P.R., "Development of a new four-parameter equation of state" Fluid Phase Equilibria 35, 1-18, 1987
- 85. Trebble M.A., Bishnoi P.R., " Extension of the Trebble-Bishnoi equation of state to fluid mixtures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 40, 1-21, 1987
- 86. Adachi Y., Sugie H., Lu B.C.-Y., "Development of a five-parameter cubic equation of state", Fluid Phase Equilibria 28, 119-136, 1986
- 87. Wang Huei-Tung, Jung-Chin Tsai, Yan-Ping Chen, "A cubic equation of state for vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations of nonpolar and polar fluids", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 138, 43-59, 1997
- 88. Carnahan N.F., Starling K.E., "Equation of state for non-attracting rigid spheres", J. Chem. Phys. 51, 635-636, 1969
- 89. Mulia K„ Yesavage V.F., "Development of a perturbed hard sphere equation of state for non-polar and polar/associating fluids", Fluid Phase Equilibria 52, 67-74, 1989
- 90. Wang L.S., Guo T.M., "A cubic simplified perturbed hard-chain equation of state for fluids with chainlike molecules", Can. J. Chem. Eng. 71, 591-604, 1993
- 91. Walsh J.M., Gubbins K.E., "A modified thermodynamic perturbation theory equation for molecules with fused sphere cores", J. Phys. Chem. 94, 5115-5120, 1990
- 92. Yu J.M., Lu B.C.-Y., "A three parameter cubic equation of state for asymmetric mixture density calculations", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 34, 1-19, 1987
- 93. Iwai Yoshio, Margerum M.R., Lu B.C.-Y., "A new three-parameter cubic equation of state for polar fluids and fluids mixtures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 42, 21-41, 1988
- 94. Harmens A., Knapp H., "Three-parameter cubic equation of state for normal substances", AIChE J. 19, 3,291-294, 1980
- 95. Dahl S., Fredenslund A., Rasmussen P., "The MHV2 model: A UNIFAC based equation of state model for prediction of gas solubility and vapor-liquid equilibria at low and high pressure", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. vol. 30, No. 8, 1936-1945, 1991
- 96. Adachi Y., Lu B.C.-Y., "Simplest equation of state for vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations: A modifications of the van der Waals equation", AIChE J., 30, 6, 991 -993, 1984
- 97. Vargaftik N.B., "Sprawocznik po tieplofiziczieskim swoistwam gazów i żidkostiej" Moskwa 1972, ("Tables on the thermodynamic properties of liquids and gases", Washington, D.C., 1975)
- 98. Knapp H., Zeck S., Langhorst R., "Vapor-liquid equilibria for mixtures of low boiling substances",Chemistry Data Series, Published by DECHEMA, Institute of Thermodynamics and Plant Design, Technical University Berlin (West), Federal Republic of Germany, Frankfurt/Main 1989
- 99. Parkih J.S., Bukacek R.F., Graham L., Leipziger S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 29, 3, 301-303, 1964
- 100. Wiese И.С., Jacobs J., Sage B.H., J.Chem. Eng. Data 15, 1, 83-91 (1970)
- 101. Rigas T.J., Mason D.F., Thodos G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 4, 3, 201-204, 1959
- 102. Carter R.T., Sage B.H., Lacey W.N., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs. Tech. 142, 170-178, 1941
- 103. Reamer H.H., Sage B.H., Lacey W.N., Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 7, 1671-1675 (1952)
- 104. Prodany N.W., Williams В., J. Chem. Eng. Data 16, 1, 1-6, 1971
- 105. Trappehl G., That, Tu Berlin 1987
- 106. Roberts L.R., McKetta J.J., ., J.Chem. Eng. Data 8, 2, 161-163, 1963
- 107. Vairogs J., Kiekers A.J., Edmister W.C., „Phase equilibrium in the methane-ethane-propane-n-pentane-n-heksane-n-decane system", AIChE J. 17, 2, 308-312, 1971
- 108. Gonzales Mario H., Anthony L. Lee, „Dew and bubble points of simulated natural gases", Journal of Chemical Engineering Data 13, 2, 172-176, 1968
- 109. Miyata Т., Yamashita Y., Nakauchi H., „А novel estimation system of natural gas properties", 19th World Gas Conference, Milan 20/23 June 1994, IGU/B7-94
- 110. Liss W.E., Thrasher W.H., Steinmetz G.F., Chowdiah P., „"Variability of natural gas composition in selected major metropolitan areas of the United States", Final Report (August 1990- February 1992), Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, March 1992
- 111. Rijkers M.P.W.M., Malais M., Peters C.J., J.de Swaan Arons, „Measurements on the phase behaviour of binary hydrocarbon mixtures for modelling the condensation behaviour of natural gas. I. The system methane + decane", 71, 143-168, 1992
- 112. Rijkers M.P.W.M., Maduro V.B., Peters C.J., J.de Swaan Arons, „Measurements on the phase behaviour of binary hydrocarbon mixtures for modelling the condensation behaviour of natural gas. II. The system methane + dodecane", 72, 309-324, 1992
- 113. Rijkers M.P.W.M., Peters C.J., J.de Swaan Arons, „Measurements on the phase behaviour of binary hydrocarbon mixtures for modelling the condensation behaviour of natural gas. III. The system methane + hexadecane", 85, 335-345, 1993
- 114. D.L. Pearce, C.J. Peters, J de Swaan Arons, „The solubility of decane in mixture of methane and nitrogen", 97, 61-66, 1994
- 115. Katz D.L. i inni, „Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering", McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York 1959
- 116. Katz D.L., R.L.Lee, „Natural Gas Engineering. Production and Storage", McGraw-Hill International Editions, Chemical Engineering Series, New York 1990
- 117. Dawidowicz S., „Zarys termodynamiki gazu ziemnego", Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków 1989
- 118. Ciesielczyk E. i wsp., "Analiza przyczyn powstawania kondensatów w gazociągu Tuligłowy-Mirocin i opracowanie propozycji zabezpieczenia tłoczni gazu Mirocin przed skutkami tworzenia się kondensatów w gazociągu", Raport IGNiG, Kraków, wrzesień 1999
- 119. Polska Norma PN-87/C-96001, „Paliwa gazowe rozprowadzane wspólną siecią i przeznaczone dla gospodarki komunalnej"
- 120. Norma ASTM D 1142-95, „Standard test method for water vapor content of gaseous fuels by measurement of dew-point temperature"
- 121. Bukacek R.F., „Equilibrium moisture content of natural gas", Research Bulletin 8, Institute of Gas Technology, 1955
- 122. Melvin, „Natural Gas", British Gas 1988
- 123. McKetta J.J., Wehe A.H., Petroleum Refiner, 37, 8, 153-154, 1958
- 124. Wiehert G.C., Wiehert E., Oil and Gas Journal, 61-64, Mar. 29, 1993
- 125. "New methods of measurement and analysis in the gas industry", 19th World Gas Conference, Milan 20/23 June 1994, IGU/B-94, str 98-136, 1994
- 126. Schieppati L., L. Van der Meulen, H. Kaesler, D. Ingrain, 19th World Gas Conference, Milan 20/23 June 1994, IGU/P-94, 114-116, 1994
- 127. Le Noe O., L. Schieppati, B. Viglietti, L. R. Oellrich, K. Althaus, F.Pot, L. Van der Meulen, H. Kaesler, G. Monco, G. Wismann, „Development of mathematical correlation between water content and water dewpoint", 25-34, International Gas Research Conference 1995
- 128. K. Althaus, L.R. Oellrich, A. Alagna, B. Viglietti,, H. Kaesler, A. Benito, P. van Wesenbeeck, O. Le Noe, G. Wismann, „ GERG model predictions and experimental verification of water dew points of natural gas", 541-550, International Gas Research Conference 1998
- 129. Olds R.H., Sage B.H., Lacey W.N., Ind. Eng. Chem., 34, 10, 1223-1227, 1942
- 130. Rachwalski J. i wsp., „Przeprowadzenie analiz składu gazu w wytypowanych punktach polskiej sieci przesyłowej w celu oceny jakości i zmienności gazu w sieci", Raport IGNiG, Kraków 1998
- 131. Gmehling J., Liu D.D., Prausnitz J.M., "High-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria for mixtures containing one or more polar components. Application of an equation of state which includes dimerizacion equilibria", Chem. Eng. Sei. vol. 34, No. 7, 951-958, 1979
- 132. Anderko A., "Phase equilibria in aqueous systems from an equation of state based on the chemical approach", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 65, 89-110, 1991
- 133. Ikonomou G.D., Donohue M.D., "Thermodynamics of hydrogen-bonded molecules: the associated perturbed anisotropic chain theory", AlChE J. 32, 1716-1725, 1986
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-30313130-6487-42b7-a51e-5f2bb19cd884