Chrom metaliczny i związki chromu (III) : dokumentacja proponowanych wartości dopuszczalnych poziomów narażenia zawodowego

• Autorzy: Chmielnicka J. , Matczak W.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Chromium metal and chromium (III) compounds

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Chrom metaliczny jest metalem srebrzystoszarym, rozpuszczalnym w rozcieńczonym kwasie solnym i siarkowym, a nierozpuszczalnym w wodzie, kwasie azotowym i wodzie królewskiej; ma własności amfoteryczne. Podstawowym surowcem do produkcji chromu jest ruda chrornitowa. Światowe wydobycie rud chromu w 1985 r. osiągnęło poziom 11 min ton. Głównym pośrednim produktem metalurgii chromu jest żelazochrom. Największymi producentami żelazochromu w 1987 r. były: Płd. Afryka - 948 tyś. ton i Japonia - 291 tyś. ton; w USA produkcja żelazochromu (FeSiCr), chromu metalicznego i różnych innych stopów chromu wynosiła 106,7 tyś. ton. W przemyśle metalurgicznym chromu około 60% produktów stanowił wysokowęglowy żelazochrom, 11% niskowęglowy, 21% żelazochrom-krzemiany, a 1% inne stopy i chrom metaliczny. Narażenie zawodowe na chrom metaliczny i związki chromu (111), a także towarzyszące im związki chromu (VI) występuje głównie podczas przetwórstwa rudy chromitowej, tj. w przemyśle metalurgicznym, chemicznym (produkcja i stosowanie pigmentów), materiałów ogniotrwałych oraz w takich procesach przemysłowych, jak garbowanie skór, spawanie stali i procesy pokrewne. Ustalono, że w Polsce przetwórstwo rudy chromitowej występuje w 7 zakładach, w kontakcie z rudą pracuje 215 + 230 osób, natomiast liczba spawaczy wysokostopowych stali chromowo-niklowych wynosi ok. 14 tysięcy. Interpretacja danych dotyczących efektów toksycznych obserwowanych wśród pracowników eksponowanych na chrom i związki chromu (III) jest utrudniona i dyskusyjna ze względu na współwystępowanie w Środowisku pracy również innych związków. Drogami wchłaniania związków chromu są układ oddechowy, pokarmowy i skóra. Układem krytycznym w przypadku inhalacyjnej ekspozycji zawodowej jest układ oddechowy. Chrom w stanie metalicznym jest biologicznie nieczynny i względnie nietoksyczny podobnie jak związki chromu (III), co jest związane z małym wchłanianiem tego związku przez skórę i błony komórkowe. Chrom (III) wykazuje minimalne działanie drażniące i możliwe działanie uczulające. Prawdopodobnie nie wykazuje działania mutagennego. Nie ma wystarczających danych wskazujących na kancerogenne działanie chromu metalicznego i związków chromu (III) u ludzi i zwierząt, nie są one klasyfikowane pod względem działania kancerogennego u ludzi (Grupa 3 IARC). Na podstawie wyników badań pracowników fabryki produkującej związki Cr III (tlenek i siarczan) nie wykazano u nich zmian w układzie oddechowym i hematologicznym (wartość NOAEL 1,99 mg Cr w l m3). U pracowników zatrudnionych przy produkcji stali stopowych, eksponowanych na chrom metaliczny i związki (III) średnio przez 7 lat (od l do 32 lat), nie obserwowano efektów toksycznych związanych z uszkodzeniem nerek (NOAEL 0,61 mg/m ). W wynikach badań toksyczności podprzewlekłej u królików narażonych na azotan chromu obserwowano obniżenie aktywności makrofagów i osłabienie funkcji płuc (wartość LOAEL 0,6 mg Cr III/m3). Natomiast u szczurów otrzymujących w paszy tlenek chromu nie obserwowano zmian w układzie oddechowym, krwiotwórczym oraz w sercu, żołądku, nerce i wątrobie w wyniku podprzewlekłego (wartość NOAEL 1806 mg Cr 111/kg/dzień) i przewlekłego narażenia (NOAEL 2040 mg Cr III/kg/dzień). W Polsce nic ustalono dotychczas najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chromu metalicznego i związków chromu (III) w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy. Na podstawie wyliczeń oszacowano wartość NDS chromu metalicznego i związków chromu (III) na poziomie 0,1 - 1,8 mg/m3. Zaproponowano przyjęcie wartości NDS na poziomie 0,5 mg/m3, tj. zgodnej z wartością NDS obowiązującą w innych państwach.

EN

Chromium can have different oxidation states (valences) ranging from 2 to +6; however, only the free metal (oxidation stale = 0), chromie salts (+3), and chromate salts (-t-6) arę in common use. Chromite ore is the naturally occurring form of chromium. It contains various compounds of Cr(+3) along with iron, aluminium, and magnesium compounds. Chromium metal is identified as an A4 carcinogen, not classifiable as a human carcinogen. In the form of trivalent compounds, chromium is an essential nutrient and is relatiely non-toxic for humans and other mammalian species. IARC classified chromium metal and trivalent chromium compounds to group 3: not classifiable as to their carcinogenicty to humans. The background for setting MAC value is the data frorn occupational exposure. No effects on the respiratory and haematological systems were found in workers exposed to 1.99 mg Cr/m' (NOAEL). Accordingly, the MAC value of 0.5 mg/m3 is recommended for chromium and its compound (III). At this time, no MAC-STEL is recommended.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

chrom metaliczny; związki chromu; narażenie zawodowe; działanie drażniące

EN

chromium metal; chromium compounds; occupational exposure; irritation

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2000
• Tom: Nr 1 (23)
• Strony: 57--100
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 168 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Chmielnicka J.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr, med. Jerzego Nofera 90-950 Łódź ul św. Teresy 8

autor

Matczak W.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr, med. Jerzego Nofera 90-950 Łódź ul św. Teresy 8

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