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Civil Engineering (CE) is one of the many fields of possible implementation of smart or intelligent technologies. The present paper is an attempt to specify and estimate problems and areas of CE suitable for the application of such technologies, with the focus on Bridge Engineering (BE). Precise definitions, explanations and classifications of terms used in smart technique are introduced and components of smart systems are defined. Analogies between smart systems and biological ones are indicated. The paper presents some of the research projects carried out in the field of CE, according to the current state-of-the-art. Concepts of smart bridges are proposed and several examples of structural control performed on space trusses and tensegrity structures with self-stress are introduced. Examples of structural control presented in the paper show that characteristic displacements of the analysed structures may be reduced by changing the prestressing force applied to the single modules, which are a part of the structure. Results of the performed analysis indicate that tensegrity structures are much more prone to the changes in the value of prestressing force than truss structures, which makes them a promising solution as far as structural control is concerned.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
469--478
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 24 poz., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
autor
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
Bibliografia
- [1] R.E. Skelton, M.C. de Oliveira, Tensegrity Systems, Springer, London, 2009.
- [2] R. Motro, Tensegrity: Structural Systems for the Future, Kogan Page Science, London, 2003.
- [3] G.J.N. Juang, S. Sae-Ung, J.N. Yang, Active control of large building structures, in: H.M.E. Lipholz (Ed.), Structural Control, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986.
- [4] E.H. Anderson, J.M. Sater, SPIE Smart Structures Product Implementation Award: a review of the first ten years, in: Proc. SPIE 6527, Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, San Diego, CA, 2007.
- [5] G. Cazzulani, S. Cinquemani, L. Comolli, Enhancing active vibration control performances in a smart structure by using fiber Bragg gratings sensors, in: Proc. SPIE 8345, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, San Diego, CA, 2012.
- [6] A.B. Strong, D.W. Jensen, Smart Structures – Impractical or Inevitable? Presentation of Brigham Young University, 1999.
- [7] B. Adam, I.F.C. Smith, Learning, self-diagnosis and multi-objective control of an active tensegrity structure, in: Advances in Engineering Structures, Mechanics and Construction, Solid Mechanics and its Applications, vol. 140, 2006, pp. 439–448.
- [8] G. Akhras, Nano & smart NDE systems – applications in aerospace and perspectives, in: 4th International Symposium on NDT in Aerospace, 2012.
- [9] M. Nehdi, M. Shahria Alam, M.A. Youssef, Seismic behaviour of repaired superelastic shape memory alloy reinforced concrete beam-column joint, Smart Structures & Systems 7 (5) (2012).
- [10] M. Farshad, Intelligent materials and structures, Scientia Iranica 2 (1) (1995) 65–87.
- [11] J.I. Liu, S. Zhu, Y.I. Xu, Y. Zhang, Displacement-based design approach for highway bridges with SMA isolators, Smart Structures & Systems 8 (2) (2011).
- [12] C.M. Chang, B.F. Spencer, An experimental study of active base isolation control for seismic protection, in: Proc. SPIE 7647, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, San Diego, CA, 2010.
- [13] G. Cazzulani, S. Cinquemani, L. Comolli, A. Gardella, Reducing vibration in carbon fiber structures with piezoelectric actuators and fiber Bragg grating sensors, in: Proc. SPIE 8341, Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, San Diego, CA, 2012.
- [14] J. Clarke, S. Tesfamariam, S. Yannacopoulos, Smart structures using shape memory alloys, in: Proc. SPIE 7292, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, San Diego, CA, 2009.
- [15] K.C. Lu, J.H. Wenig, C.H. Loh, Turning the building into a smart structure: integrating health monitoring, in: Proc. SPIE 7292, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, San Diego, CA, 2009.
- [16] E.C. Eckhoff, V.M. Eller, S.E. Watkins, R.H. Hall, Interactive virtual laboratory for experience with a smart bridge test, in: Proc. of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, 2002.
- [17] S.H. Rizkalla, G. Tadros, First smart bridge in Canada, ACI Concrete International 16 (6) (1994) 42–44.
- [18] B.M. Phares, T.J. Wipf, U. Deza, J.P. Wacker, Development of a smart timber bridge – a five-year plan, USDA General Technical Report FPL-GTR-195, Madison, 2011.
- [19] S. Wende, C. Smyth, The new Minnesota smart bridge, Web: www.mnme.com.
- [20] K. Kebiche, M.N. Kazi Aoual, R. Motro, Continuum model for systems in a self-stress state, International Journal of Space Structures 23 (2008) 113–125.
- [21] D. Cioranescu, J. Saint Jean Paulin, Mathematical study of large space structures, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, vol. 147, Springer, Berlin, 1990.
- [22] W. Gutkowski, et al., Static Calculations of Structural Roofs, Arkady, Warszawa, 1980 (in Polish).
- [23] W. Gutkowski, Regular Bar Structures, PWN, Warszawa, 1973 (in Polish).
- [24] W. Gilewski, A. Kasprzak, Introduction to mechanics of tensegrity modules, in: S. Jemioło, S. Lutomirski (Eds.), Theoretical Fundamentals of Building Engineering, Vol. I. Mechanics of Materials and Structures, OWPW, Warszawa, 2012, pp. 83–94 (in Polish).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-2cd0967f-4fa0-420f-aaa1-441328bb6966