Systemic discrimination against Palestinian refugees in Lebanon

• Autorzy: Turczyński Radosław

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0055.2229

Warianty tytułu

PL

Systemowa dyskryminacja uchodźców palestyńskich w Libanie

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In this publication, the author presents the issue of migration, particularly focusing on the plight of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. Migration, complex and multifaceted, poses challenges that both refugees’ countries of origin and host countries face. Despite its small size and numerous internal problems, Lebanon is one of the countries hosting refugees on a large scale, but its policies remain inconsistent and often hostile towards a particular nationality – the Palestinians. In refugee camps such as Ain al-Hilweh, where overcrowding and violence are a daily occurrence, people are forced to struggle to survive in conditions that are far from basic living standards. Lack of possibility to gain citizenship, limited access to the labour market and formal employment, and housing restrictions exacerbate the social and economic isolation of Palestinians. The marginalisation of these people results in increasing poverty and perpetuates a cycle of exclusion that seems to have no end. In the shadow of government restrictions and political gridlock, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) try to provide a minimum of support, but their efforts often fall short. Lebanon, although officially a host to refugees, often turns a blind eye to their suffering and the camps become spaces ruled by Palestinian factions and armed groups, creating further dangers. In such realities, any choice can be dramatic – joining armed groups or fleeing the camp are decisions that mark the lives of the refugees. What emerges in the article is a picture of a society left on the margins, constantly having to struggle for recognition of its rights and survival in the shadow of a neglected system of international protection.

PL

Autor w niniejszej publikacji przedstawia problematykę migracji, szczególnie skupiając się na trudnej sytuacji uchodźców palestyńskich w Libanie. Migracje, złożone i wieloczynnikowe, stawiają przed państwami wyzwania, z jakimi zmagają się zarówno kraje pochodzenia, jak i przyjmujące uchodźców. Liban jest, pomimo swojej niewielkiej powierzchni i licznych problemów wewnętrznych, jednym z krajów goszczących uchodźców na szeroką skalę, lecz jego polityka pozostaje niespójna i często nieprzyjazna wobec konkretnej narodowości – Palestyńczyków. W obozach dla uchodźców, takich jak Ain al-Hilweh, gdzie przeludnienie i przemoc są codziennością, ludzie zmuszeni są walczyć o przetrwanie w warunkach, które dalekie są od podstawowych standardów życia. Brak możliwości zdobycia obywatelstwa, ograniczony dostęp do rynku pracy i formalnego zatrudnienia oraz restrykcje mieszkaniowe pogłębiają izolację społeczną i ekonomiczną Palestyńczyków. Marginalizacja tych ludzi skutkuje narastającym ubóstwem i utrwala cykl wykluczenia, który zdaje się nie mieć końca. W cieniu rządowych restrykcji i politycznego impasu UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) i UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) starają się zapewnić minimum wsparcia, ale ich działania często okazują się niewystarczające. Liban, choć oficjalnie gospodarz uchodźców, często odwraca wzrok od ich cierpień, a obozy stają się przestrzeniami rządzonymi przez frakcje palestyńskie i grupy zbrojne, co rodzi dalsze niebezpieczeństwa. W takich realiach każdy wybór może być dramatyczny – wstąpienie do zbrojnych grup czy ucieczka z obozu to decyzje, które naznaczają życie uchodźców. W artykule wyłania się obraz społeczeństwa pozostawionego na marginesie, które nieustannie musi walczyć o uznanie swoich praw i przetrwanie w cieniu zaniedbanego systemu międzynarodowej ochrony.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

refugee crisis; Middle East; Lebanon; Palestine; discrimination

PL

kryzys uchodźczy; Bliski Wschód; Liban; Palestyna; dyskryminacja

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Akademii Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
• Czasopismo: Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: Vol. 57, No.3(217)
• Strony: 165--184
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 40 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Turczyński Radosław

• General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces, Wrocław, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-2120

Bibliografia

• About the Refugee Treaty and Legislation Dashboard (RTLD). (n.d.). United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR). Retrieved November 16, 2024 from: https://rimap.unhcr.org/refugee-treaty-legislation-dashboard
• Amnesty International. (2006). Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon: Long-standing Suffering. United Assassination in Ain al-Hilweh: precarious calm in the camp after a tense night. (2024). L’Orient Today. https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1418275/assassination-in-ain-al-hilweh-precarious-calm-in-the-camp-after-a-tense-night.html
• Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The World Factbook: Lebanon. Retrieved December 16, 2024 from: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/
• Decree No15 on Lebanese Nationality. (1925). Regulation No160 dated 16.07.1934; No122 L.R. dated 19.06.1939; Law of 11.1.1960.
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2023). DFAT Country Information Report: Lebanon. Australian Government.
• Dyduch, J. (2014). Bezpaństwowość. In: A. Florczak, A. Lisowska (Eds.), Organizacje międzynarodowe w działaniu (pp. 397-417). OTO Agencja Reklamowa.
• European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2023). Hudoc Case #001-229321. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-229321%22]}
• Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change. (2011). Final Project Report. The Government Office for Science.
• Głogowska, P. (2023). Mity instytucjonalne w działalności organizacji pozarządowych wobec uchodźców syryjskich w Libanie [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Uniwersytet Wrocławski.
• Hourani, G. (n.d.). The 1994 Naturalisation Decree. Lebanese Emigration Research Center, Notre Dame University. Retrieved November 18, 2024 from: https://globalcit.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/LEB-1994NaturalizationDecree-
• GuitaHouraniNov2011.pdf
• International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. (1990). General Assembly resolution 45/158. United Nations. Human Rights. Office of the High Commissioner. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/cmw.pdf
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). (2023). DREF Operation: Lebanon Civil Unrest – Ain Al Helwe.
• International Labour Organization (ILO). (2021). ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers – Results and Methodology (3rd ed.). International Labour Office.
• International Organization for Migration (IOM). (n.d.). About Migration. Retrieved July 14, 2024 from: https://www.iom.int/about-migration
• Iskandarani, A. (2020). A Matter of Identity: The Families Affected by Lebanon’s Nationality Law. The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/family/a-matter-of-identity-the-families-who-are-affected-by-lebanon-s-nationality-law-1.968488
• Jewish Virtual Library. (n.d.). Total Palestinian Refugees: (1950-Present). Retrieved June 22, 2024 from: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/total-palestinian-refugees-1950-present
• Kagan, M. (2009). Is there really a protection gap? UNRWA’s role vis-à-vis Palestinian refugees. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 28(2-3), 511-530.Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
• Kayyal, W. (2024). Do stateless Palestinians have the right to property on an equal basis with Lebanese citizens? What are the obstacles they face to access housing?. Lebanon: Stateless Palestinians. Asylos. https://asylos.libguides.com/c.php?g=708493&p=5108960
• Kherfi, S., Bausch, J., Irani, A., Al Mokdad, R. (2018). Labour Market Challenges of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon (Impact Report Series, Issue 13). International Labour Office.
• Lebanon Decree No 17561/1964. (1964). On the Regulation of the Work of Foreigners. Lebanon Decree No 1582/1984 dated 25.4.1984; Lebanon Decree No 14268/2005 dated 4.3.2005.
• McAuliffe, M., Oucho, L.A. (Eds.). (2024). World Migration Report 2024. International Organization for Migration (IOM).
• Middle East Monitor. (2019). Lebanon won’t survive with Palestinian, Syrian refugees, says Aoun. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190510-lebanon-wont-survive-with-palestinian-syrian-refugees-says-aoun/
• Middle East Monitor. (2023). Unemployment among Palestinian refugees in Lebanon rises to 80%. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230720-unemployment-among-palestinian-refugees-in-lebanonrises-to-80/
• Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. (1967). General Assembly in resolution 2198 (XXI). United Nations. Human Rights. Office of the High Commissioner. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-relating-status-refugees
• Ruwad alHoukouk Frontiers Rights, Salam for Democracy and Human Rights, Equality Now, Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights, Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion. (2021). Lebanon. Universal Periodic Review, 37(3).
• Schutter De, O. (2022). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. United Nations. Human Rights. Office of the High Commissioner.
• Smith, N. (2010). Palestinian Refugees in Syria and Lebanon: The Social Situations and Their Repercussions. University of Jordan. Center for Strategic Studies.
• Tension in Ain al-Hilweh after an assassination attempt. (2024). L’Orient Today. https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1434853/tension-in-ain-al-hilweh-after-an-assassination-attempt.html
• The Humanitarian Country Team (HCT), Emergency Operations Cell (EOC). (2022). Increasing humanitarian needs in Lebanon. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
• The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR). (1960). Law of 11 January 1960 Amending and Supplementing Decree No 15 of 19 January 1925. https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1960/en/123144
• The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR). (2023). United Nations in Lebanon: Results Report 2023. https://lebanon.un.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/2400223E-UNRCO-Results%20Report-2023_Signed.pdf
• The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR). (2024). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2023. https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends-report-2023
• The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR). (n.d.). The 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. Retrieved July 16, 2024 from: https://www.unhcr.org/media/1951-refugee-convention-and-1967-protocol-relating-status-refugees
• United Nations Conciliation Commission For Palestine. (1949). Final Report of the United Nations Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East. New York: United Nations. https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/1949/12/NL321438.pdf
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). (2022). Relief and Social Services Department Socio-economic Situation of Palestine Refugees in Lebanon Crisis Monitoring Report – High Frequency Survey Results – September 2022.
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). (2023). UNRWA in Action. https://www.unrwa.org/resources/fact-sheet/unrwa-action
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). (n.d.). Where We Work: Lebanon. Retrieved March 22, 2024 from: https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon
• United Nations. (1948). General Assembly A/RES/194 (III) 11 December 1948. Palestine – Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator. https://unsco.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/ga_res_1941948.pdf
• United States Department of State. (2015). 2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Lebanon. https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/usdos/2015/en/105934