New organic electrochromic materials and theirs applieations

• Autorzy: Żmija J. , Małachowski M. J.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work is to perform the review of the recent most important results of experimental and theoretical investigations connected with the electrochromic materials and their selected applications. Design/methodology/approach: The recent achievements in the field of designing and preparation methods of organic electrochromic materials and devices operating as optical data storage are presented. Findings: We pointed out the physical phenomena that are important in the electrochromic effect occurring in organic materials and which can be used in numerous devices. Such phenomena as the change, evocation, or bleaching of color resulted either by an electron-transfer (redox) process or by a sufficient electrochemical potential have been evaluated as occurring in prosperous devices. Examples of the application of the organic electrochromic materials in electrochromic devices are shown. Research limitations/implications: The main disadvantage of organic devices are reported to be connected with their short lives and weak resistivity to the moist but the improvements are advancing. Originality/value: Our review concerns the most recent findings in this area. We also show some recent examples of electrochromic devices.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

electrochromism; organic materials; optoelectronics

• Wydawca: International OCSCO World Press
• Czasopismo: Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
• Rocznik: 2011
• Tom: Vol. 48, nr 1
• Strony: 14--23
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 58 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Żmija J.

• Institute of Technical Physics, Military University of Technology, ul. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Małachowski M. J.

• Department of Applied Physics, K. Pulaski’s Technical University of Radom, ul. J. Malczewskiego 20a, 26-600 Radom, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] S.K. Deb, Optical and photoelectric properties and colour centres in thin films of tungsten oxide, Philosophical Magazine 27/4 (1973) 9801-9822.
• [2] K. Bange, T. Gambke, Electrochromic Materials for optical switching devices, Advnced Materials 2/10(1990) 10-16.
• [3] C.G. Granqvist, Handbook of Inorganic Electrochromic Materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995.
• [4] P.M.S. Monk, R.J. Mortimer, D.R. Rosseinsky, Electrochromism: Fundamentals and Applications, VCH, Weinheim, 1995.
• [5] R.J. Mortimer, Organic electrochromic materials, Electrochimca Acta 44 (1999) 2971-2981.
• [6] C.G. Granqvist, Progress in electrochromics: tungsten oxide revisited, Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 3005-3015.
• [7] D.R. Rosseinsky, R.J. Mortimer, Electrochromic Systems and the prospects for devices, Advanced Materials 13/11 (2001) 783-793.
• [8] C.G. Granqvist, Electrochromic tungsten oxide films: Review of progress 1993-1998, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 60 (2000) 201-262.
• [9] J.R. Owen, Novel Trends in Electroorganic Synthesis, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 422 (1997) 201.
• [10] J. Żmija, M.J. Małachowski, Organic light emitting diodes operation and applicationin displays, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 41/1 (2009) 49-57.
• [11] M.J. Małachowski, J. Żmija, Organic field effect transistors, Opto-Electronics Review 18 (2010) 50-65.
• [12] J. Żmija, M.J. Małachowski, New Organic Photochromic Materials and Selected Applications, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engeneering 41 (2010) 48-56.
• [13] J. Żmija, M.J. Małachowski, M. Wacławek, K. Ścieżka, Engineeringof organic materials in electronics, Chemistry, didactics, Ekology, Metrology 11 (2006) 15-30 (in Polish).
• [14] J. Żmija, M.J. Małachowski, J. Zieliński, Progress in application of organic semiconductor in displays, Proceedings of SPIE 5th Scientific Symposium 82 (2006) 7207-664-2, 41-59 (in Polish).
• [15] G.A. de Wijs, R.A. de Groot, 422, 422, Structure and electronic properties of amorphous WO3, Physical Review B 60/24 (1999) 16463-16474.
• [16] C. Bechinger, M.S. Burdis, J.G. Zhang, Comparison between electrochromic and photochromic coloration efficiency of tungsten oxide thin films, Solid State Communications 101/10 (1997) 753-756.
• [17] C.G. Granqvist, A. Azens. J. Isidorsson, M. Kharrazi, L. Kullman, T. Lindström, G.A. Niklasson, C.-G. Ribbing, D. Ronnöw, M. Strùmme Mattson, M. Veszelei, Towards the smart window: Progress in electrochromics, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 218 (1997) 273-279.
• [18] N. Leventis, Electrochromic devices, in: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, vol. 6, Eight Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997, 153-156.
• [19] P.M.S. Monk, The Viologens: Physicochemical Properties, Synthesis and Applications of the Salts of 4,4'-Bipyridine, Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1998.
• [20] C.L. Bird, A.T. Kuhn, Electrochemistry of the viologens, Chemical Society Reviews10 (1981) 49-82.
• [21] H. Byker, in: K.-C. Ho, D.A. MacArthur (Eds.), Electrochromic Materials II, PV 94-2, Pennington, New Jork, 1994, 3-13.
• [22] G.P. Evans, in: H. Gerischer, C.W. Tobias (Eds.), Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering, vol. 1, VCH, Weinheim, 1990, 1-74.
• [23] K. Hyodo, Electrochromism of conducting polymers, Electrochimica Acta 39 (1994) 265-272.
• [24] S.J. Higgins, Conjugated polymers incorporating pendant functional groups - synthesis and characterisation, Chemical Society Reviews 26 (1997) 247-257.
• [25] F. Garnier, G. Tourillon, M. Gazard, J.C. Dubois, Electrochemical fabrication of a P-type silicon-polythiophene p-n junction diode, Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 148 (1983) 299.
• [26] J. Roncali, Conjugated poly(thiophenes): synthesis, functionalization and applications, Chemical Reviews 92 (1992) 711-738.
• [27] M. Mastragostino, in: B. Scrosati (Ed.), Applications of Electroactive Polymers, Chapman and Hall, London, 1993.
• [28] R.J. Mortimer, Organic electrochromic materials, Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 2971-2981.
• [29] Q. Pei, G. Zuccarello, M. Ahlskog, O. Inganaès, Electrochromic and highly stable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) switches between opaque blue-black and transparent sky blue, Polymer 35 (1994) 1347-1351.
• [30] G.A. Sotzing, J.R. Reynolds, Polytrans-bis(3,4-ethylenedi-oxythiophene)vinylene: a low band-gap polymer with rapid redox switching capabilities between conducting transmissive and insulating absorptive states, Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (1995) 703-704.
• [31] G.A. Sotzing, J.R. Reynolds, P.J. Steel, Poly(3,4-ethylenedi-oxythiophene) (PEDOT) prepared via electrochemical polymerization of EDOT, 2,2'-Bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (BiEDOT), and their TMS derivatives, Advced Materials 9 (1997) 795-798.
• [32] J.A. Irvin, J.R. Reynolds, Low-oxidation-potential conducting polymers: alternating substituted para-phenylene and 3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene repeat units, Polymer 39 (1998) 2339-2347.
• [33] S.A. Sapp, G.A. Sotzing, J.R. Reynolds, High Contrast Ratio and Fast-Switching Dual Polymer Electrochromic Devices, Chemistry of Materials 10 (1998) 2101-2108.
• [34] A.F. Diaz, J.A. Logan, Electroactive polyaniline films, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 111 (1980) 111-114.
• [35] T. Kobayashi, H. Yoneyama, H. Tamura, J. Polyaniline film-coated electrodes as electrochromic display devices, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 161 (1984) 419-423.
• [36] A. Ray, A.F. Richter, A.G. MacDiarmid, A.J. Epstein, Polyaniline protonation deprotonation of amine and imine sites, Synthetic Metals 29 (1989) 151-156.
• [37] F. Rourke, J.A. Crayston, Cyclic voltammetry and morphology of polyaniline-coated electrodes containing Fe(CN)63-/4- ions, Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 89 (1993) 295-302.
• [38] D.E. Stilwell, S.-M. Park, Electro-chemistry of Conductive Polymers, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 136 (1989) 427-433.
• [39] Y. Wei, W.W. Focke, G.E. Wnek, A. Ray, A.G. MacDiarmid, Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Alkyl Ring-Substituted Polyanilines, Journal of the Physical Chemistry 93/1 (1989) 495-499.
• [40] E.A.R. Duek, M.-A. De Paoli, M. Mastragostino, A solid-state electrochromic device based on polyaniline, prussian blue and an elastomeric electrolyte, Advanced Materials 5 (1993) 650-652.
• [41] B.P. Jelle, G. Hagen, S. Nodland, Transmission spectra of an electrochromic window consisting of polyaniline, Prussian blue and tungsten xide, Electrochimcal Acta 38 (1993) 1497-1500.
• [42] B.P. Jelle, G. Hagen, A flexible electrochromic device based on colloidal tungsten oxide and polyaniline, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 140 (1993) 3560.
• [43] L. Wang, Q.Q. Wang, V. Cammarata, Electro-oxidative polymerization and spectroscopic haracterization of novel amide polymers using diphenylamine coupling, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 145 (1998) 2648-2654.
• [44]G.-W. Jang, C.C. Chen, R.W. Gumbs, Y. Wei, J.-M. Yeh, Preparation and characterization of poly(o-methoxyaniline) /Na+-MMT, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 143/8 (1996) 2591-2596.
• [45] M. Girotto, M.A. De Paoli, Polypyrrole color modulation and electrochromic contrast enhancement by doping with a dye, Advanced Materials 10/10 (1998) 790-793.
• [46] R.J. Mortimer, in: R.G. Compton, G. Hancock (Eds.), Research in Chemical Kinetics, vol. 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994, 261-311.
• [47] C.D. Ellis, L.D. Margerum, R.W. Murray, T.J. Meyer, Oxidative Electropolymerization of Polypyridyl Complexes of Ruthenium, Inorganic Chemistry 22 (1983) 1283-1292.
• [48] C.P. Horwitz, Q. Zuo, Oxidative Electropolymerization of Iron and Ruthenium Complexes Containing Aniline-Substituted 2,2’-Bipyridine Ligands, Inorganic Chemistry 31 (1992) 1607-1613.
• [49] K. Hanabusa, A. Nakamura, T. Toshiki, H. Shirai, Electropolymerization and characterization of terpyridinyl iron (II) and ruthenium (II) complexes, Polymer International 35 (1994) 231-238.
• [50] C.C. Leznoff, A.B.P. Lever (Eds.), Phthalocyanines: Properties and Applications, vol. 1, 1989; vol. 2, 1993; vol. 3, 1993; vol. 4, 1996, Wiley and Sons, New York.
• [51] J. Silver, J.L. Sosa-Sanchez, C.S. Frampton, Structure, electrochemistry, and properties of bis(ferrocenecarboxylato) (phthalocyaninato)-silicon(IV) and its implications for (Si(Pc)O)n polymer chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry 37/3 (1998) 407-410
• [52] G.C.S. Collins, D.J. Schiffrin, Substituted bis(phthalocyanines): electrochemical properties and probe beam deflection (mirage) studies, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 132 (1985) 1835-1842.
• [53] D.J. Moore, T.F. Guarr, Electrochromic properties of electro-deposited lutetium diphthalocyanine thin-films, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 314/1-2 (1991) 313-121.
• [54] H.F. Li, T.F. Guarr, Reversible electrochromism in polymeric metal phthalocyanine thin-films, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 297/1 (1991) 169-183.
• [55] P.M. S. Monk, The Viologens, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1998.
• [56] N. Leventis, M. Chen, A.I. Liapis, J.W. Johnson, A. Jain, Characterization of 3 x 3 Matrix Arrays of Solution-Phase Electrochromic Cells, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 145/4 (1998) L55-L58.
• [57] E. Smela, A Microfabricated Movable Electrochromic “Pixel” Based on Polypyrrole, Advanced Materials 11/16 (1999) 1343-1345.
• [58] R.A. Colley, P. M.Budd, J.R. Owen, S. Balderson, Polyoxymethylene-oligo(oxyethy-lene) for use in subambient temperature electrochromic devices, Polymer International 49 (2000) 371-376.