PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

NATO's Strategic Concept: Implications for Greece and Türkiye

Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
This article analyses the impact of North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) new strategic concept on its involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean and its implications for Greek-Turkish relations. We analyse the application of NATO’s new strategic concept in the Eastern Mediterranean by focusing on the case study of Greek-Turkish tensions and NATO’s role in de-escalation efforts. The case study of Greek-Turkish relations is vital for two reasons. Firstly, because of NATO’s renewed interest in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and secondly, because the complicated relationship between the two countries has the potential to disrupt NATO’s unity. The findings of this article suggest that while NATO’s intention is to adapt to evolving security challenges, its new strategic concept has done little to de-escalate the tensions between Greece and Türkiye. Despite the Alliance’s commitment to collective defence and conflict resolution, the longstanding disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean have persisted, often with increased intensity. In conclusion, NATO’s new strategic concept acknowledges the burgeoning complexities in the Eastern Mediterranean, yet falls markedly short of introducing effective measures to de-escalate the longstanding tensions between Greece and Türkiye. While the document perceptively addresses the need for heightened engagement in the Eastern Mediterranean and highlights the myriad security challenges, including territorial disputes, migration issues, and the competition for energy resources, it lacks a clear actionable framework for mitigating the discord between these two member states.
Rocznik
Strony
38--54
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 76 poz.
Twórcy
  • Department of History, Philosophy, and the Ancient World, American College of Greece, 6 Gravias, 15342, Athens, Greece
  • Department of History, Philosophy, and the Ancient World, American College of Greece, 6 Gravias, 15342, Athens, Greece
Bibliografia
  • 1. Andrews E.L. (1999) ‘Earthquake in Turkey: The overview, thousands killed as big quake hits cities in western Turkey’, The New York Times, 18 August. Available at: https://.nytimes.com/1999/08/18/world/earthquake-turkey-overview-thousands-killed-big-quake-hits-cities-western-turkey.html (Accessed: 15 June 2023).
  • 2. Associated Press (1999) ‘Major quake hits Athens and leaves 30 killed’, The New York Times, 8 September. Available at: https://.nytimes.com/1999/09/08/world/major-quake-hits-athens-and-leaves-30-killed.html (Accessed: 15 June 2023).
  • 3. Aybet G. (2000) A European security architecture after the Cold War: Questions of legitimacy. Hampshire: London: Macmillan Press.
  • 4. Aydin M. and Acikmese S.A. (2007) ‘Europeanization through EU conditionality: Understanding the new era in Turkish foreign policy’, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 9(3), pp. 263–274. doi: 10.1080/14613190701689944.
  • 5. Bardakçı M. (2021) ‘Is a strategic partnership between Turkey and Russia feasible at the expense of Turkey’s relations with the EU and NATO?’, 69(4), pp. 535–559. doi: 10.1515/soeu-2021-0001.
  • 6. Becker J., Duda M. and Lute D. (2022) ‘From context to concept: History and strategic environment for NATO’s 2022 strategic concept’, Defence Studies, 22(3), pp. 489–496. doi: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2082959.
  • 7. Binder D. (2012) ‘Greece, Turkey, and NATO’, Mediterranean Quarterly, 23(2), pp. 95–106. doi: 10.1215/10474552-1587883.
  • 8. Bohlen C. (1997) ‘At long last, Greece and Turkey tiptoe toward reconciliation’, The New York Times, 21 July. Available at: https://.nytimes.com/1997/07/21/world/at-long-last-greece-and-turkey-tiptoe-toward-reconciliation.html (Accessed: 13 October 2023).
  • 9. Brey H. (1999) ‘Turkey and the Cyprus question’, The International Spectator, 34(1), pp. 111–121. doi: 10.1080/03932729908456851.
  • 10. Chiriac M.-D. and Olariu C.F. (2017) ‘Doctrinal evolution of the NATO strategic concept’, Bulletin of ‘Carol I’ National Defence University, 6(1), pp. 76–83.
  • 11. Croft S. (2000) ‘The EU, NATO and Europeanisation: The return of architectural debate’, European Security, 9(3), pp. 1–20. doi: 10.1080/09662830008407459.
  • 12. Dempsey J. (2020) ‘Judy asks: Is NATO paralyzed over the Greece–Turkey conflict?’, Carnegie Europe. Available at: https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/82643 (Accessed: 25 May 2023).
  • 13. Dokos T. (2012) ‘The evolving security environment in the Eastern Mediterranean: Is NATO still a relevant actor?’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 12(4), pp. 575–590. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2012.744160.
  • 14. Drake B.C. (1998) ‘Cyprus bows to pressure and drops missile plan’, The Guardian, 30 December. Available at: https://.theguardian.com/world/1998/dec/30/cyprus (Accessed: 13 October 2023).
  • 15. Dupuy A.C., Nussbaum D. and Granitsas A. (2021) ‘NATO review—Energy security in the era of hybrid warfare’, NATO Review. Available at: https://.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/01/13/energy-security-in-the-era-of-hybrid-warfare/index.html (Accessed: 16 June 2023).
  • 16. Ellinas C. (2022) ‘Energy and geopolitics in the Eastern Mediterranean’, Atlantic Council, 16 February. Available at: https://.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/energy-and-geopolitics-in-the-eastern-mediterranean/ (Accessed: 16 June 2023).
  • 17. Evin A.O. (2004) ‘Changing Greek perspectives on Turkey: An assessment of the post-earthquake rapprochement’, Turkish Studies, 5(1), pp. 4–20. doi: 10.1080/14683849.2004.9687239.
  • 18. Evin A.O. (2005) ‘The future of Greek-Turkish relations’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 5(3), pp. 395–404. doi: 10.1080/14683850500161305.
  • 19. Felde R.M.Z. (2020) The Eastern Mediterranean military environment from a NATO perspective. Bonn: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (Konrad Adenauer Foundation), pp. 59–65. Available at: https://.jstor.org/stable/resrep28862.12 (Accessed: 22 April 2023).
  • 20. France 24 (2011) ‘Turkey reluctantly joins NATO operations against Libya’, France 24. Available at: https://.france24.com/en/20110324-turkey-allows-nato-command-libya-military-operations-vote (Accessed: 30 May 2023).
  • 21. Gall C. and Higgins A. (2017) ‘Turkey signs Russian missile deal, pivoting from NATO’, The New York Times, 12 September. Available at: https://.nytimes.com/2017/09/12/world/europe/turkey-russia-missile-deal.html (Accessed: 11 October 2023).
  • 22. Gazetesi D. (2009) ‘PM Erdogan sends goodwill letter to his Greek counterpart’, Dünya Gazetesi, 5 November. Available at: https://.dunya.com/gundem/pm-erdogan-sends-goodwill-letter-to-his-greek-counterpart-haberi-95649 (Accessed: 11 October 2023).
  • 23. Grigoriadis I.N. (2014) ‘Energy discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean: Conflict or cooperation?’, Middle East Policy, 21(3), pp. 124–133. doi: 10.1111/mepo.12087.
  • 24. Hubbard B. (2020) ‘Syria used chemical weapons 3 times in one week, Watchdog says’, The New York Times, 8 April. Available at: https://.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/world/middleeast/syria-assad-chemical-weapons.html (Accessed: 2 November 2023).
  • 25. International Crisis Group (2012) Aphrodite’s gift: Can Cypriot gas power a new dialogue? Available at: https://.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/cyprus/aphrodite-s-gift-can-cypriot-gas-power-new-dialogue (Accessed: 30 May 2023).
  • 26. Kamp K.-H. (2017) ‘Why NATO needs a new strategic concept’, NATO Defense College Foundation. Available at: https://.natofoundation.org/food/why-nato-needs-a-new-strategic-concept-karl-heinz-kamp-2/ (Accessed: 19 May 2023).
  • 27. Kasapoglou C. (2019) ‘Why and how NATO should adapt to a new Mediterranean security environment’, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). Available at: https://.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/nato-should-adapt-to-a-new-mediterranean-security-environment (Accessed: 16 May 2023).
  • 28. Kathimerini (2018) ‘Turkish coast guard vessel rams Greek patrol boat off Imia’, eKathimerini.com, 13 February. Available at: https://.ekathimerini.com/news/225780/turkish-coast-guard-vessel-rams-greek-patrol-boat-off-imia/ (Accessed: 3 July 2023).
  • 29. Ker-Lindsay J. (2000) ‘Greek-Turkish rapprochement: The impact of disaster diplomacy?’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 14(1), pp. 215–232. doi: 10.1080/09557570008400339.
  • 30. Kinzer S. (1999) ‘Earthquakes help warm Greek-Turkish relations’, The New York Times, 13 September. Available at: https://.nytimes.com/1999/09/13/world/earthquakes-help-warm-greek-turkish-relations.html (Accessed: 15 June 2023).
  • 31. Larrabee F.S. (2012) ‘Greek–Turkish relations in an era of regional and global change’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 12(4), pp. 471–479. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2012.741843.
  • 32. Larsen H.B.L. (2022) ‘NATO’s strategic concept: Tempered ambitions’, in CSS analyses in security policy, No. 309. ETH Zürich: Center for Security Studies (CSS). doi: 10.3929/ETHZ-B-000566972.
  • 33. Layne C. (2000) ‘US hegemony and the perpetuation of NATO’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 23(3), pp. 59–91. doi: 10.1080/01402390008437800.
  • 34. Lesser I.O. et al. (2000) The future of NATO’s Mediterranean initiative: Evolution and next steps. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
  • 35. Litsas S.N. (2017) ‘Russia in the Eastern Mediterranean: Intervention, deterrence, containment’, Digest of Middle East Studies, 26(1), pp. 56–73. doi: 10.1111/dome.12103.
  • 36. MacKenzie K. (1983) Greece and Turkey: Disarray on NATO’s southern flank, Conflict Studies series No. 154. London: Institute for the Study of Conflict.
  • 37. McElroy D. (2008) ‘NATO making mistake in Afghanistan, warns Turkish minister’, The Telegraph, 16 April. Available at: https://.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1895810/Nato-making-mistake-in-Afghanistan-warns-Turkish-minister.html (Accessed: 24 May 2023).
  • 38. Michaels J.H. (2020) It’s that time of the decade again: Some considerations for NATO’s eight strategic concept, NRDC policy brief No. 2. ETH Zurich: Center for Security Studies. Available at: https://.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=1412 (Accessed: 15 June 2023).
  • 39. Monaghan A. and Coops C. (2006) Energy Security- What Role for NATO? Research paper No. 29, October 2006. NATO Defense College. Available at: http://.jstor.org/stable/resrep10357 (Accessed: 15 June 2023).
  • 40. Moustakis F. and Sheehan M. (2000) ‘Greek security policy after the cold war’, Contemporary Security Policy, 21(3), pp. 95–115. doi: 10.1080/13523260008404270.
  • 41. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1991) The Alliance’s 1991 strategic concept. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_23847.htm (Accessed: 17 May 2023).
  • 42. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1994) Final communiqué issued at the ministerial meeting of the North Atlantic Council at NATO headquarters, Brussels, NATO. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_25067.htm?mode=pressrelease (Accessed: 17 May 2023).
  • 43. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1999) The Alliance’s 1999 strategic concept. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_27433.htm (Accessed: 18 May 2023).
  • 44. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2016) NATO and Europe’s refugee and migrant crisis. Opinion piece by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg. Available at: http://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_128645.htm (Accessed: 11 October 2023).
  • 45. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2019) London declaration issued by NATO heads of state and government. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_171584.htm (Accessed: 19 May 2023).
  • 46. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2020a) Military de-confliction mechanism between Greece and Turkey established at NATO. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_178523.htm (Accessed: 11 October 2023).
  • 47. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2020b) ‘NATO 2030: United for a new era’, analysis and recommendations of the reflection group appointed by the NATO secretary general. Available at: https://.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=1509 (Accessed: 19 May 2023).
  • 48. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2021) Brussels summit communiqué issued by NATO heads of state and government. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm (Accessed: 19 May 2023).
  • 49. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2022a) Energy security, NATO. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49208.htm (Accessed: 16 June 2023).
  • 50. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2022b) Mediterranean dialogue, NATO. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52927.htm (Accessed: 17 May 2023).
  • 51. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2022c) NATO 2022—Strategic concept. Available at: https://.nato.int/strategic-concept/ (Accessed: 30 May 2023).
  • 52. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2023) ‘Standing NATO maritime group two (SNMG2)’. Available at: https://mc.nato.int/SNMG2.aspx (Accessed: 3 July 2023).
  • 53. Oğuzlu H.T. (2004) ‘The promise of NATO in the construction of cooperative Turkish-Greek relations’, The Review of International Affairs, 3(3), pp. 458–478. doi: 10.1080/1475355042000250557.
  • 54. Olsen J.A. (2020) Future NATO: Adapting to new realities (Whitehall paper 95). London: Routledge.
  • 55. Önis Z. (2001) ‘Greek-Turkish relations and the European Union: A critical perspective’, Mediterranean Politics, 6(3), pp. 31–45. doi: 10.1080/713604530.
  • 56. Raftopoulos E. (1997) ‘The crisis over the Imia rocks and the Aegean sea regime: International law as a language of common interest’, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 12(4), pp. 427–446. doi: 10.1163/157180897X00310.
  • 57. Raftopoulos E. (2000) ‘The crisis over the Imia rocks and the Aegean sea regime: International law as a language of common interest’, in Chircop A., Gerolymatos A., and Iatrides J.O. (eds) The Aegean sea after the Cold War: Security and law of the sea issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 134–151. doi: 10.1007/978-1-137-08879-6_10.
  • 58. Ringsmose J. and Rynning S. (2009) Come home, NATO? The Atlantic alliance’s new strategic concept. DIIS report, 2009: 4. Kopenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.
  • 59. Shea J. (2022) ‘NATO’s new strategic concept: What should we expect?’, European View, 21(2), pp. 227–228. doi: 10.1177/17816858221132348.
  • 60. Simonet L. (2023) NATO’s 2022 strategic concept: Analysis and implications for Austria. OIIP working paper 115. Vienna: Österreichisches Institut für Internationale Politik (OIIP). Available at: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-85195-9 (Accessed: 9 October 2023).
  • 61. Slengesol I.-A. (2000) ‘A bad show? The United States and the 1974 Cyprus crisis’, Mediterranean Quarterly, 11(2), pp. 96–129. doi: 10.1215/10474552-11-2-96.
  • 62. Sloan S.R. (1995) ‘US perspectives on NATO’s future’, International Affairs, 71(2), pp. 217–231. doi: 10.2307/2623431.
  • 63. Smith H. (2010) ‘Turkish prime minister in “revolutionary” visit to Greece’, The Guardian, 13 May. Available at: https://.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/13/turkey-greece-crisis-erdogan-visit (Accessed: 11 October 2023).
  • 64. Stanley A. (1999) ‘3 Greek officials removed over rebel Kurd’s Capture’, The New York Times, 19 February. Available at: https://.nytimes.com/1999/02/19/world/3-greek-officials-removed-over-rebel-kurd-s-capture.html (Accessed: 15 June 2023).
  • 65. Stergiou A. (2017) ‘Energy security in the Eastern Mediterranean’, International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 40(5), pp. 320–334. doi: 10.1504/IJGEI.2017.086842.
  • 66. Stronski P. (2021) A difficult balancing act: Russia’s role in the Eastern Mediterranean, Carnegie endowment for international peace. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/06/28/difficult-balancing-act-russia-s-role-in-eastern-mediterranean-pub-84847 (Accessed: 13 October 2023).
  • 67. TA NEA (2011) ‘Fiscal Crisis reduces Greece’s presence in NATO and EU Operations’ Ta Nea, (Greek). Available at: https://.tanea.gr/2011/09/23/greece/i-krisi-meiwnei-tin-elliniki-paroysia-stis-epixeiriseis-toy-nato-kai-tis-ee/ (Accessed: 24 May 2023).
  • 68. Tardy T. (2022) ‘NATO’s new strategic concept’, in Tardy T. (ed.) NATO’s new strategic concept. NDC research paper No. 25. Roma: NATO Defense College. Available at: https://.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?i-code=1737 (Accessed: 9 October 2023).
  • 69. Tsakonas P. and Tournikiotis A. (2003) ‘Greece’s elusive quest for security providers: The expectations-reality gap’, Security Dialogue, 34(3), pp. 301–314. Available at: http://.jstor.org/stable/26298251 (Accessed: 9 October 2023).
  • 70. Tziampiris A. (2019) ‘The new Eastern Mediterranean as a regional subsystem’, in Litsas S.N. and Tziampiris A. (eds) The new Eastern Mediterranean: Theory, politics and states in a volatile era. Cham: Springer, pp. 1–30. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-90758-1_1.
  • 71. Tziarras Z. (2018) ‘The Eastern Mediterranean: Between power struggles and regionalist aspirations’, PCC report 2/2018. Available at: https://.prio.org/publications/11151 (Accessed: 9 October 2023).
  • 72. Valinakis Y. (1994) Greece’s security in the post-Cold War era. Series: SWP-S, 394. Ebenhausen/Isartal: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik.
  • 73. Warner G. (2009) ‘The United States and the Cyprus crisis of 1974’, International Affairs, 85(1), pp. 129–143. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00785.x.
  • 74. Wilkinson J.M. (2000) ‘The United States, Turkey and Greece—Three’s a crowd’, in Abromowitz M. (ed.) Turkey’s transformation and American policy. New York, NY: The Century Foundation Press.
  • 75. United States Department of State (1975) Foreign relations of the United States, 1969–1976, volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976. Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history.state.gov/historical-documents/frus1969-76v30/d56 (Accessed: 25 May 2023).
  • 76. United States Department of State (1978) Foreign relations of the United States, 1977–1980, volume XXI, Cyprus; Turkey; Greece. Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v21/d24 (Accessed: 25 May 2023).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-24fdb8f6-6fe0-4b9d-973b-12e808aa51e0
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.