Tioacetamid – frakcja wdychana : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Bruchajzer, Elżbieta; Szymańska, Jadwiga; Frydrych, Barbara

doi:10.5604/01.3001.0013.6380

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Tioacetamid – frakcja wdychana : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

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Bruchajzer Elżbieta , Szymańska Jadwiga , Frydrych Barbara

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DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0013.6380

Warianty tytułu

Thioacetamide – inhalable fraction : documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Tioacetamid występuje w postaci bezbarwnych kryształów o charakterystycznym zapachu merkaptanów. Dawniej był stosowany jako: fumigant zapobiegający gniciu pomarańczy, środek przyspieszający wulkanizację gumy oraz stabilizator oleju napędowego. Obecnie jest wykorzystywany w analizie jakościowej jako źródło siarkowodoru. Według informacji z Centralnego Rejestru Danych o Narażeniu na Substancje, Mieszaniny, Czynniki lub Procesy Technologiczne o Działaniu Rakotwórczym lub Mutagennym w latach 2005-2016 w Polsce na tioacetamid narażonych było od 486 do 1 137 osób. Większość z nich stanowiły kobiety. Wartość LD50 po dożołądkowym podaniu związku szczurom wynosi 301 mg/kg mc. Tioacetamid ma silne działanie hepatotoksyczne. Tioacetamid podany szczurom w pojedynczej dawce powodował martwicę zrazików wątrobowych. Podawany wielokrotnie prowadził do uszkodzenia wątroby, o czym świadczyły m.in. zmiany biochemiczne (zwiększenie aktywności: aminotransferaz, gamma-glutamylotransferazy, alkalicznej fosfatazy oraz stężenia bilirubiny w surowicy), a także jej marskość. Skutki toksycznego działania tioacetamidu wykazane w doświadczeniach przewlekłych na zwierzętach świadczą o wyraźnej zależności ich występowania od czasu narażenia. Po przewlekłym narażeniu szczurów na tioacetamid w wodzie do picia (o stężeniu 0,03%, czyli około 35 mg/kg mc./dzień) lub w paszy (0,5% w paszy, czyli około 28 mg/kg mc./dzień) po 4 miesiącach notowano zapalenie wątroby i miejscowe ogniska martwicy w wątrobie, później zmiany te nasilały się, a po 8 ÷ 17 miesiącach występowały: przewlekłe zapalenie wątroby, marskość oraz nowotwory wątroby i przewodów żółciowych. Wyniki badań mutagenności i genotoksyczności tioacetamidu nie są jednoznaczne. Można przyjąć, że związek stwarza ryzyko uszkodzenia materiału genetycznego w warunkach in vivo, po biotransformacji do silnie hepatotoksycznego metabolitu. Przemiany metaboliczne tioacetamidu w organizmie prowadzą – w wyniku S-oksydacji, głównie przy udziale CYP2E1 – do sulfotlenku (TASO), a następnie hepatotoksycznego, bardzo reaktywnego sulfonu (TASO2). Ma on podstawowe znaczenie w mechanizmie działania toksycznego związku (łącząc się z makrocząsteczkami wątroby). Metabolity tioacetamidu nasilają także stres oksydacyjny. Wystąpienie nowotworów w przewlekłych eksperymentach na zwierzętach spowodowało, że Międzynarodowa Agencja Badań nad Rakiem (IARC) w 1987 roku zaliczyła tioacetamid do grupy 2B, czyli do czynników przypuszczalnie rakotwórczych dla człowieka. Zgodnie z klasyfikacją CLP eksperci Unii Europejskiej zaliczyli tioacetamid do substancji rakotwórczych kategorii zagrożenia 1B z przypisem H350 „może powodować raka”. Za podstawę wyznaczenia wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) przyjęto hepatotoksyczne działanie tioacetamidu na szczury, którym podawano związek wielokrotnie drogą dożołądkową. Za wartość NDS zaproponowano stężenie 1,5 mg/m3 . Nie ma podstaw do wyznaczenia wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh) oraz dopuszczalnego stężenia w materiale biologicznym (DSB). Zaproponowano także oznaczenie związku „Carc. 1B” informujące, że jest to substancja rakotwórcza kategorii zagrożenia 1B. Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny środowiska pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.

Thioacetamide occurs in the form of colorless crystals with a characteristic smell of mercaptans. It was used in the past as a fumigant to prevent oranges from rotting, in rubber vulcanization and as a diesel stabilizer. It is currently used in a qualitative analysis as a source of hydrogen sulfide. According to information from the Central Register of Data on Exposure to Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Substances, Mixtures, Factors or Technological Processes in 2005-2016 from 486 to 1137 people were exposed to thioacetamide in Poland. Most of them were women. The LD50 value after intragastric administration of the compound to rats is 301 mg/kg. Thioacetamide is a strong hepatotoxic agent, its single dose caused hepatic necrosis. Administered repeatedly it induced liver damage, which was indicated by biochemical changes and cirrhosis. The effects of thioacetamide toxicity in chronic animal experiments indicated a relationship to exposure time. After chronic exposure of rats to thioacetamide in drinking water (at 0.03%, i.e., approximately 35 mg/kg/day) or in feed (0.5% in feed, i.e., approximately 28 mg/kg/day), hepatitis and local hepatic foci were noted after 4 months, these changes later intensified, and after 8–17 months chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and cancer of the liver and bile ducts occurred. The results of mutagenicity and genotoxicity studies of thioacetamide are inconclusive. It can be assumed that the compound may damage genetic material in vivo after biotransformation to a highly hepatotoxic metabolite. The metabolism of thioacetamide by S-oxidation (mainly with the participation of CYP2E1) leads to the production of sulfoxide (TASO), and then to hepatotoxic, highly reactive sulfone (TASO2). The latter is of fundamental importance for the mechanism of toxic action of thioacetamide (by binding with hepatic macromolecules). Thioacetamide metabolites also induce oxidative stress. Because of neoplasms observed in chronic studies, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) included thioacetamide in group 2B – agents probably carcinogenic to humans. According to the CLP classification, thioacetamide is a category-1B carcinogen with a “H350 – May cause cancer” note. The hepatotoxic effects of thioacetamide in rats after repeated administration were used as the basis for determining the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC; TLV-TWA – threshold limit value-time weighted average). A concentration of 1.5 mg/m3 was proposed as the MAC value. There are no bases to determine the short-term exposure limit (STEL) and the biological limit value (BLV). “Carc. 1B” marking is also proposed, as thioacetamide is a category-1B carcinogen. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Słowa kluczowe

tioacetamid narażenie zawodowe toksyczność NDS inżynieria środowiska nauki o zdrowiu

thioacetamide occupational exposure toxicity MAC-TWA environmental engineering health sciences

Wydawca

Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy

Czasopismo

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy

Rocznik

2019

Tom

Nr 4 (102)

Strony

149--179

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 108 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Bruchajzer Elżbieta

elzbieta.bruchajzer@umed.lodz.pl

Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 90-151 Łódź, ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1 POLAND

autor

Szymańska Jadwiga

Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 90-151 Łódź, ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1 POLAND

autor

Frydrych Barbara

Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 90-151 Łódź, ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1 POLAND

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Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2019).

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Bibliografia

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