Influence of TiO₂ and WC particles on the hardness and corrosion behavior of the AA6063 ALLOY reinforced hybrid composite

• Autorzy: Singh S. Prathap , Raja D. Elil , Gnanasekaran K. , Basha I. Ameeth , Sonar Tushar , Ajith V. S. , Elvish S.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/adms-2025-0016

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This work focuses on improving the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance of Aluminum (Al) AA6063 alloy, which is limited by its moderate hardness and exposure to acidic conditions. The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) and Tungsten Carbide (WC) particles on the hardness and acidic immersion corrosion of AA6063 alloy-based monolithic and hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), which were manufactured via stir casting with a fixed 5 wt.% TiO₂ and varying wt.% of WC (0, 0.5, and 1 wt.%), followed by T6 heat treatment at different aging temperatures of 145°C, 165°C, and 185°C. The microstructural exploration using Hi-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRSEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) showed an even dissemination of reinforcements. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) observed the occurrence of Al, TiO₂, WC, and Mg₂Si phases. Taguchi’s methodology optimized the Vicker’s hardness and Corrosion Rate (CR), considering aging temperature and wt.% of WC as the input variables. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results indicated that the variation in WC content had a more significant effect on both hardness and CR than the aging temperature. The 165°C aged samples produced high hardness and lower CR due to the Silicon (Si) spheroidization. The HRSEM examination of corroded surfaces revealed fewer signs of deep pits at lower CR conditions. The results indicate that the selective incorporation of WC and TiO₂ can improve the performance of AA6063 composites in corrosive environments.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

hybrid MMCs; metal matrix composite; stir casting; Vickers hardness; corrosion rate; Taguchi technique

PL

kompozyt metalowy; odlewanie z mieszaniem; twardość Vickersa; szybkość korozji; metoda Taguchiego

• Wydawca: Politechnika Gdańska
• Czasopismo: Advances in Materials Science
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: Vol. 25, nr 3(85)
• Strony: 67--84
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 34 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Singh S. Prathap

• Department of Mechanical Eng., St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

autor

Raja D. Elil

• Department of Mechanical Eng., St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

autor

Gnanasekaran K.

• Department of Mechanical Eng., St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

autor

Basha I. Ameeth

• Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Science, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, deemed to be University, VM Chennai Campus, Paiyanoor, Tamilnadu, India

autor

Sonar Tushar

• Department of Welding Equipment and Technology, South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, Russia

autor

Ajith V. S.

• Department of Mechanical Eng., St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

autor

Elvish S.

• Department of Mechanical Eng., St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

Bibliografia

• 1. M. Hadian, H. Shahrajabian, M. Ra, Mechanical properties and microstructure of Al/(TiC+TiB₂) composite fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Ceram. Int. 45 (2019) 12088-12092.
• 2. D. Elil Raja, S. Vijayan, Tushar Sonar, S. Prathap Singh, Analyzing the dry sliding wear performance on aluminum 6061 alloy reinforced with SiC and B₄C hybrid nanocomposite. Advances in Materials Science. 24(4) (2024) 42-56.
• 3. S.K. Soni, D. Ganatra, P. Mendiratta, C.S.K.A. Reddy, B. Thomas, microstructure and mechanical characterization of Al₂O₃/graphene reinforced Al6061 based hybrid nanocomposites. Met. Mater. Int. 28 (2022) 545–555.
• 4. Festus Ben, Peter A. Olubambi, In situ reinforcement of AA6063/Al2O3 hybrid composite: comparative wear and hardness evaluation of Manihot esculenta and green Plantago major particulates, Discov Appl Sci. 6(280) (2024) 1-19.
• 5. L. Aydi, M. Khlif, C. Bradai, S. Spigarelli, M. Cabibbo, M. El Mehtedi, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Primary and Secondary AA6063 Aluminum Alloy after Extrusion and T5 Heat Treatment. Mater. Today Proc. 2(10A) (2015) 4890-4897.
• 6. Baradeswaran, S.C. Vettivel, A. Elaya Perumal, N. Selvakumar, R. Franklin Issac, Experimental investigation on mechanical behaviour, modelling and optimization of wear parameters of B₄C and graphite reinforced aluminium hybrid composites. Mater. Des. 63 (2014) 620-632.
• 7. P. Venkateshwar Reddy, G. Suresh Kumar, D. Mohana Krishnudu, H. Raghavendra Rao, Mechanical and Wear Performances of Aluminium-Based Metal Matrix Composites: A Review. J. Bio. Tribo. Corros. 6 (2020) 1-10.
• 8. S. Saravanan, M. Ravichandran, A. V. Balan, P. Senthilkumar, Synthesis and abrasive wear performance of stir cast AA6063 TiC composite materials. SN Appl. Sci. 1(1585) (2019) 1-7.
• 9. Festus Ben, Peter Apata Olubambi, Synergistic effects of agro waste ash and alumina on the surface texture and tribological properties of hybrid AMCs. Discov Mater. 5(42) (2025) 1-23.
• 10. S. Prathap Singh, D. Elil Raja, D. Ananthapadmanaban, K. Vinoth Babu, Exploring cutting parameters for enhanced performance in abrasive water jet machining of Al 6061 hybrid nanocomposite, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part E: (2024).
• 11. Suman Kant, Ajay Singh Verma, Stir Casting Process in Particulate Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite: A Review. Int. J. Mech. Solid. 12 (1) (2017) 61–69.
• 12. T. Siva, R. Babuji, G. Paramesh, S. Bagavathy, T. Santhiya, S. Jayasathya Kawin, G. Veerappan, Machine learning enabled optimization techniques for exploring the mechanical properties of stir cast AA6061. Mater. Today: Proc. 74 (2023) 20-25.
• 13. Festus Ben, Peter Apata Olubambi, Investigating the mechanical performance of innovative bean pod ash particulates reinforced in AA6063 alloy for construction and building applications. MRS Advances. 10 (2025) 1021–1028.
• 14. F. Ben, P.A. Olubambi, Investigating the tribological behavior of bioinspired surfaces in agro-waste and alumina reinforced AA6063 matrix composites. Vacuum. 230 (2024) 113687.
• 15. Ojo S.I. Fayomi, Joshua O. Atiba, Khadijah T. Dauda, Electrochemistry and inhibitory evaluation of Musa paradisiaca particulates on AA6063 alloy for improved service life. Hybrid Advances. 6 (2024) 100234.
• 16. F.O. Edoziuno, C.C. Nwaeju, A.A. Adediran, B.U. Odoni, V.R. Arun Prakash, Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of Aluminium 6063 Alloy/Palm Kernel shell composites for lightweight applications. Scientific African. 12 (2021) e00781.
• 17. S Prathap Singh, S Suresh Kumar, D Elil Raja, Tushar Sonar, Mikhail Ivanov, G Velmurugan, A Perumal, Machinability studies on AA–SiC–TIO₂ based heat treated HMMC with negative polarity electrode using EDM. Int J Interact Des Manuf. 18 (2024) 5165–5176.
• 18. Alexey Prosviryakov, Andrey Bazlov, The study of thermal stability of mechanically alloyed Al-5 wt.% TiO₂ composites with Cu and stearic acid additives. Appl Sci. 13(2) (2023) 1104.
• 19. Ismail Najjar, Ayman Sadoun, M.N. Alam, Adel Fathy, Prediction of wear rates of Al-TiO₂ nanocomposites using artificial neural network modified with particle swarm optimization algorithm. Mater Today Commun. 35 (2023) 105743.
• 20. G. B. Veeresh Kumar, P. S. Shivakumar Gouda, R. Pramod, C. S. P. Rao, Synthesis and Characterization of TiO₂ Reinforced Al6061 Composites. Composites Letters. 26(1) (2017) 1-11.
• 21. X. Roshan Xavier, S. Julyes Jaisingh, Synthesis and characterization of AA7050 - TiO₂ reinforced aluminium matrix composite. J Mech Sci Technol. 35 (2021) 4917–4924.
• 22. G. Anbuchezhiyan, M. Vignesh, V. Shanmugam, P. Nageswara rao, Exploration of morphological and mechanical behaviour of Al₂O₃/Al-Mg-Cr-Zn alloy composites with Al6O13Si2 addition. Materials Letters, 357 (2024) 135696.
• 23. Gnanasambandam Anbuchezhiyan, Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak, Muhammad Tahir Hussain Siddiqui, Guilherme Malafaia, Faisal Abnisa, Bo-derived waste neem to enriching reinforced hybrid composite for environmental remediation. Chemosphere. 350 (2024) 141055.
• 24. N. Ramadoss, K. Pazhanivel, A. Ganeshkumar, M. Arivanandhan, Microstructural, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of B₄C/BN-reinforced Al7075 matrix hybrid composites. Inter Metalcast 17 (2023) 499–514.
• 25. N. Ramasamy, M. Prakash, B. Prabhu, K. Viswanathan, K. Gowtham, R. Magesh, T. Arunkumar, Development of sustainable aluminum alloy tungsten carbide hybrid composites using industrial waste - An experimental analysis. Sustain Mater Techno. 42 (2024) e01144.
• 26. R. Ramesh Babu, C. Rajendran, A. Saiyathibrahim, Rajkumar Velu, Influence of B₄C and ZrB₂ reinforcements on microstructural, mechanical and wear behaviour of AA 2014 aluminium matrix hybrid composites. Def. Technol. 40 (2024) 242-254.
• 27. S. N. Vijayan, Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, A. Saiyathibrahim, Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of LM26 Aluminum Alloy-ZrB₂ and Copper-Coated Short Steel Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using Stir Casting Process. Inter Metalcast (2024).
• 28. Siamak Nikzad Khangholi, Mousa Javidani, Alexandre Maltais, X. Grant Chen, Review on recent progress in Al–Mg–Si 6xxx conductor alloys. Journal of Materials Research 37 (2022) 670–691.
• 29. L. Osunmakinde, T. B. Asafa, P. O. Agboola, M. O. Durowoju, Development of aluminum composite reinforced with selected agricultural residues. Discov Mater. 3(33) (2023) 1-14.
• 30. S. Prathap Singh, D. Ananthapadmanaban, N. Venkateshwaran, M. A. Sai Balaji, Effect of Ageing Temperature on the Hardness, Microstructural and Dry Sliding Wear Performance of the Functionally Graded A356 Alloy. Inter Metalcast. (2024) 1-22.
• 31. K. Ravikumar, K. Kiran, V. S. Sreebalaji, Characterization of mechanical properties of aluminium/tungsten carbide composites. Measurement 102 (2017) 142–149.
• 32. C. L. Xu, Y. F. Yang, H. Y. Wang H Y, Effects of modification and heat-treatment on the abrasive wear behavior of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys. J Mater Sci 42 (2007) 6331-6338.
• 33. S. Prathap Singh, D. Ananthapadmanaban, Effect of Silicon Nitride Particles on the Sliding Wear Characteristics of Functionally Graded Aluminium Composite. J. of Materi Eng and Perform. 33 (2024) 2875-2896.
• 34. S. Prathap Singh, D. Ananthapadmanaban, D. Elil Raja, Tushar Sonar, Mikhail Ivanov, P. Prabhuraj, V. Sivamaran, Investigating the Microstructure, Tensile Strength, and Acidic Corrosion Behaviour of Liquid Metal Stir Casted Aluminium-Silicon Carbide Composite. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. (2023) 1-11.